A review of the effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on clinical and glycemic outcomes in hospitalized patients: data from studies that included patients with diabetes.

Spyridon Ntelis, Lakshmi G Singh, Reynier Hernandez, Elias K Spanakis

Abstract readReview

In one paragraph

Review in Hormones (Athens, Greece), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

1citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists reduce major adverse cardiovascular events and worsening heart failure in patients with heart failure: an umbrella meta-analysis.BMC endocrine disorders · 2026
Pooled it

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Spyridon NtelisDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center Midtown Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Lakshmi G SinghDivision of Endocrinology, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Reynier HernandezDivision of Endocrinology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Elias K SpanakisDivision of Endocrinology, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA. ispanakis@som.umaryland.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9352-7172

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are a fairly new class of agents for diabetes that have demonstrated significant benefits in glycemic control and cardiovascular outcomes with outpatient use. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the effect of SGLT2i use on glycemic control and clinical outcomes in the hospital setting.An electronic search of PubMed was conducted to analyze publications that assessed the inpatient use of SGLT2i and included patients with diabetes. We looked for original studies that compared SGLT2i to placebo or other antidiabetic agents as well as studies that compared the addition of SGLT2i to conventional care of diabetes or heart failure (HF) vs. conventional care alone. We collected data on parameters of glycemic control and clinical outcomes.Eighteen clinical trials and 17 retrospective studies were included in our review. Inpatient SGLT2i use was associated with positive clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes and HF, including improved diuretic response, increased urine output, and decreased levels of NT-proBNP. Use of SGLT2i does not appear to increase the risk of kidney injury. Regarding long-term outcomes, multiple studies reported decreased risk of HF rehospitalization and/or all-cause mortality among patients who started treatment while in the hospital. For glycemic control, SGLT2i appear to decrease the insulin dose requirements without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia. Data on hospital mortality and length of stay are equivocal.

Indexed as

Blood GlucoseDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Heart FailureHypoglycemic AgentsSodium-Glucose Transporter 2 InhibitorsHospitalizationHumansTreatment OutcomeBlood GlucoseHypoglycemic AgentsSodium-Glucose Transporter 2 InhibitorsHospital outcomesReviewSodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitorsType 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID40928723

DOI10.2337/dc24-S016

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.