Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction to intervene in liver cancer.

The occurrence and progression of liver cancer are closely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria exhibit characteristics, such as decreased oxidative phosphorylation efficiency, abnormal accumulation of reactive oxygen species in liver cancer and promoting tumor proliferation and drug resistance through the Warburg effect, as the core of energy metabolism and apoptosis regulation. Mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and dysregulation of mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) further enhance the invasive and metastatic capabilities of liver cancer. Current targeted therapeutic strategies focus on modulating the activity of respiratory chain complexes, regulating calcium homeostasis, repairing mtDNA, and activating mitochondrial apoptotic pathways. Although these approaches have shown therapeutic effects, challenges persist, such as tumor heterogeneity, insufficient drug specificity, and drug resistance. Future research needs to integrate the concept of precision medicine by focusing on breakthroughs in the molecular mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction, development of targeted delivery systems, optimization of combination therapy regimens, and screening of biomarkers to provide new pathways for individualized treatment. With advances in technology, targeting mitochondrial dysfunction is expected to become an important breakthrough for improving the prognosis of liver cancer.