ReviewActa parasitologica2025
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT): Epidemiology, Biological Diagnosis and Treatment: A Review.
Review in Acta parasitologica, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Antiparasitic Activity of Sesquiterpene γ-Lactones and the Search for New Pharmaceutical Agents.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Sleep-Wake Dysregulation in Human African Trypanosomiasis: From Neuroinvasion to Neuronal Dysfunction.Clocks & sleep · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionThe objective of the World Health Organization is to achieve the interruption of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) transmission by 2030.
methodsThis review aims to update knowledge on HAT, through a synthesis on the epidemiology, diagnostic tools and drugs of HAT.
resultsFrom 1960 to 2024 approximately 132,063 cases of HAT have been reported across Africa. The majority of HAT patients live in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosomiasis (CATT) remained for a long time the reference serology test for field screening. The immune trypanolysis test (ITL) test is an accurate serodiagnostic tool increasingly used for medical surveillance of sleeping sickness, but it is reserved for reference laboratories. Prototypes of TDRs such as SD BIOLINE HAT and, HAT Sero-K-SeT have been developed to respond to constraints posed with CATT and ITL, but lack specificity. Parasitological diagnosis techniques such as the mini-Anion Exchange by Centrifugation technique (mAECT) are used for mandatory confirmation of the disease before the initiation of treatment, but their sensitivity is low. To date, the active molecules against HAT are: pentamidine, suramin, melarsoprol, eflornithine and nifurtimox. The use of these molecules does not guarantee healing and generates many side effects. A new molecule has appeared in the therapeutic arsenal. This is fexinidazole, which was approved by the WHO in 2019 for the treatment of HAT due to T.b. gambiense. The WHO recommends the oral administration of this molecule in the first stage of the disease and in the second stage for non-severe cases. Since 2024, this molecule has also been approved by the WHO for the treatment of HAT due to T. b. rhodesiense.
conclusionAll these difficulties raised raise questions about the need to develop new diagnostic tools that are more specific, more sensitive and better suited to field screening. They also call out the urgency of finding new drugs that are less toxic, easy to administer and more effective.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.