ArticleInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science2025
Genome-Wide Insights Into the Genes and Pathways Shaping Human Foveal Development: Redefining the Genetic Landscape of Foveal Hypoplasia.
Article in Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Genome-wide association and multi-omics functional screens reveal the genetic architecture of foveal development.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Convergent re-evolution of CNS structures: focus on the fovea.Current opinion in genetics & development · 2026Review
- Bilateral bifoveate retina in a human resembling lizard foveal architecture.Ophthalmic genetics · 2026Article
- Integrated genetic identification and molecular dynamics simulations in a novelFrontiers in genetics · 2026Article
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22 authors.
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Abstract
Purpose: To define the genetic architecture of foveal morphology and explore its relevance to foveal hypoplasia (FH), a hallmark of developmental macular disorders. Methods: We applied deep-learning algorithms to quantify foveal pit depth from central optical coherence tomography (OCT) B-scans in 61,269 UK Biobank participants. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using REGENIE, adjusting for age, sex, height, and ancestry. Rare coding variants (frequency <1%) were analyzed in an exome-wide rare-variant association study (RVAS). Candidate genes were prioritized using integrative mapping; pathway, cross-ancestry, and genetic-correlation analyses were exploratory. Results: GWAS identified 126 sentinel variants, including 47 novel associations. Integrative mapping prioritized 129 putative causal genes, with 64 not previously implicated in foveal biology. Enriched pathways included retinoic acid metabolism (e.g., CYP26A1), photoreceptor differentiation (e.g., VSX2), extracellular matrix organization, and pigmentation. RVAS identified missense variants in ACTN3 and ESYT3 (P < 5 × 10-⁹) associated with FH features. Polygenic scores were predictive across African and South Asian ancestries. Overlap was observed with monogenic FH genes (TYR, OCA2, PAX6, AHR) and with genes underlying systemic diseases (COL11A1, KIF11, TUBB4B, PHYH). Re-examination of OCTs in affected individuals confirmed FH in select cases, including those with recurrent TUBB4B p.(Arg390Trp) variants. Conclusions: This is the first GWAS of human foveal morphology. Our findings redefine the genetic and biological framework underlying normal foveal development and foveal hypoplasia (FH). By linking common variation to rare monogenic disease, we establish a continuum model of FH with implications for future mechanistic and clinical investigation.
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