ArticleInfluenza and other respiratory viruses2025
COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Against Hospitalizations and Severe Outcomes in Kosovo, 2022-2024: A Test-Negative Case-Control Study.
Article in Influenza and other respiratory viruses, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Against Hospitalizations and Severe Outcomes in Kosovo, 2022-2024: A Test-Negative Case-Control Study.Influenza and other respiratory viruses · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFew studies have evaluated COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) in middle-income countries, particularly in eastern Europe. We aimed to estimate COVID-19 VE against SARS-CoV-2-confirmed hospitalizations and severe outcomes in Kosovo.
methodsWe conducted a test-negative case-control study using data from Kosovo's severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) sentinel surveillance system from January 2022 to June 2024. We enrolled adult patients aged ≥ 18 years hospitalized with SARI. From all patients, we collected clinical data, vaccination history, and a nasopharyngeal specimen, which was tested for SARS-CoV-2 using RT-PCR. SARS-CoV-2-positive patients were cases; those testing negative were controls. We estimated VE overall and against severe outcomes (requiring oxygen, intensive care admission, or in-hospital death) using logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, and comorbidities, calculating VE as (1-adjusted odds ratio) × 100.
resultsWe included 564 SARI patients; 218 (39%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Overall, 24% of SARI patients had received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose in the previous 12 months. VE against SARS-CoV-2-confirmed SARI hospitalization among all adults was 72% (95% CI: 30%-89%) at 14-179-day postvaccination, and 26% (95% CI: -33%-59%) at 180-364 days. In adults ≥ 60 years, VE was 52% (95% CI:-31%-82%) at 14-179-day postvaccination, and -36% (95% CI: -190%-36%) at 180-364 days. VE against severe outcomes was 67% (95% CI: -14%-91%) at 14-179 days, and 17% (95% CI:-111%-67%) at 180-364 days.
conclusionsOur findings suggest that COVID-19 vaccination in Kosovo offered substantial protection against hospitalization and severe outcomes within 6 months, though confidence intervals were wide for some subgroups. Effectiveness waned after 6 months, highlighting the need for periodic booster doses.
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