Evaluating endometrial response to human chorionic gonadotropin: alterations in epigenetic regulation and extracellular vesicle cargo of endometrial stromal cells.

study questionWhat is the effect of hCG on the epigenetic profile and the expression of other molecular factors in endometrial stromal cells (ESCs)? SUMMARY ANSWER: Our findings suggest that hCG treatment alters the molecular environment of decidualized ESCs, potentially influencing implantation and immune regulation through epigenetic modifications and changes in the levels of secreted proteins and micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs). WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Embryo implantation depends not only on the quality of the embryo but also on the receptivity of the endometrium, the specialized lining of the uterus that undergoes dynamic changes to support pregnancy. Effective communication between the maternal and fetal compartments, facilitated by molecular signals and cellular interactions, is essential for successful implantation. STUDY DESIGN SIZE DURATION: Cross-sectional study of patient-derived ESCs comparing untreated cells with cells treated with hCG and/or decidualization induction. The number of samples depends on the method and varies from 2 to 8. Results were analyzed after 6-, 24-, 48-, and 72-h time-points. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS SETTING

methodsESCs were isolated from patients undergoing assisted reproductive technologies. In the study, we analyzed changes in the epigenetic profile and other molecular factors of ESCs during decidualization and in MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Our study found that hCG treatment increased prolactin gene ( LARGE SCALE DATA: N/A. LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION: This study utilizes a comprehensive analysis to explore potential epigenetic and molecular targets essential for endometrial function. The research is based on WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE

findingsWe found that hCG enhances the decidualization process in a dose-dependent manner and affects implantation and immune regulation through epigenetic changes, as well as variations in the levels of secreted proteins and miRNAs. Our study suggests that the application of hCG in assisted reproduction technologies may offer potential benefits for patients. However, carefully considering the appropriate dosage is important to ensure optimal outcomes. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.