Culture, goal orientation and achievement of vocational college students.

Introduction: This study explored the relationship between cultural values, goal orientation, and mathematics achievement in mainland China. Methods: Structural equation modelling was used to analyze data collected from 1,004 first-year students of four majors in higher vocational colleges. This study adopted a four-dimensional goal orientation, including achievement (i.e., students' mastery, performance-approach, and performance-avoidance) and society (i.e., family instrumental support goal orientation, and family emotional support goal orientation) to describe Chinese students' motivation. Results: The results indicated that mathematics achievement was positively related to mastery goal orientations and negatively related to the performance-avoidance goal orientation. Family recognition through achievement was found to positively predict the students' mastery, performance-approach, performance-avoidance, while conformity to norms was negatively linked to performance-approach orientations. Collectivism, on the other hand, was positively related to adopting the family support goal orientation and to mastery goal orientations, performance-approach. Nevertheless, emotional self-control was positively associated with students' mastery. Humility was positively related to performance-approach orientations, family instrumental support goal orientation and family emotional support goal orientation. It also had a direct positive predictive effect on mathematics achievement. The results of the bootstrap analyses further confirmed the mediating role of goal orientation in the relationship between cultural values and mathematics achievement: there were positive indirect paths through the mastery orientations, and negative indirect paths through the performance-avoidance goal orientation. Discussion: Potential explanations for the findings are discussed. This will help reveal the group specificity of cultural values and goal orientation theory, thereby supplementing the contextual adaptability of the theory.