ArticlePsychological medicine2025
Intergenerational continuity of depressive symptoms: genetic and environmental pathways.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Examining Negative Emotional Reactivity and State Self-esteem as Mediators of the Relationship Between Core Self-evaluation and Depressive Symptoms.Annals of neurosciences · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundDepression runs in families, with both genetic and environmental mechanisms contributing to intergenerational continuity, though these mechanisms have often been studied separately. This study examined the interplay between genetic and environmental influences in the intergenerational continuity of depressive symptoms from parents to offspring.
methodsUsing data from the Dutch TRAILS cohort (
resultsParents' depressive symptoms, offspring genetic predisposition, and parental warmth were associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms in offspring. In the combined model, parents' genetic predisposition was linked to their own depressive symptoms, which were linked to lower parental warmth, which, in turn, was linked to higher depressive symptoms in offspring, after accounting for offspring genetic predisposition, sex, age, and socioeconomic status. DISCUSSION: Both genetic and environmental mechanisms contribute to the intergenerational continuity of depressive symptoms independently and in interplay. Despite a significant effect, the influence of parental warmth was modest, suggesting limited covariation between this particular parenting measure and depressive symptoms, at least when assessed with large temporal distance.
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