Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40915347›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases2025

Adverse events associated with COVID-19 vaccination or diagnosis among pregnant and non-pregnant women in the United States, 2021-2022.

Stacey L Rowe, Sheena G Sullivan, Julia J Koerber, Flor M Muñoz, Matthew M Coates, Onyebuchi A Arah, Annette K Regan

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Stacey L RoweDepartment of Nursing and Health Professions, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA. Electronic address: stacey.rowe@monash.edu.
Sheena G SullivanDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Practical Causal Inference Lab, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Julia J KoerberDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Flor M MuñozDepartments of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
Matthew M CoatesDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Practical Causal Inference Lab, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
Onyebuchi A ArahDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Practical Causal Inference Lab, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Statistics and Data Science, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
Annette K ReganDepartment of Nursing and Health Professions, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Funding

UCLA CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY TRAINING PROGRAMT32CA009142 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES · PI ZHANG, ZUO-FENG · 1986 to 2024
$6.3M
Uptake, Safety and Effectiveness of COVID‐19 Vaccines during PregnancyR01AI169239 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF SAN FRANCISCO · PI REGAN, ANNETTE KARENA · 2022 to 2024
$1.3M
NCI NIH HHS T32 CA009142NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI169239
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesTo quantify the incidence of adverse events after COVID-19 vaccination and COVID-19 diagnosis in women of reproductive age; to examine pregnancy as a potential risk modifier.

methodsAn exposure-matched cohort study of >1 million women, 11 December 2020-30 September 2022, United States. COVID-19 vaccination, COVID-19 diagnoses, and medically-attended adverse events - including immunologic, neurologic, cerebrovascular, thromboembolic, cardiovascular, respiratory, thrombocytopenic, and coagulative events - were identified from inpatient and outpatient medical claims. Exposed participants were matched with up to four unexposed participants on pregnancy and propensity for COVID-19 vaccination (or diagnosis). Odds ratios quantifying the associations between exposures and adverse events were estimated using logistic regression models, with pregnancy incorporated as an effect modifier.

resultsWe identified 3556 (120.6 per 10,000) adverse events among pregnant women, with near-identical incidence rates between those unvaccinated and vaccinated against COVID-19 (120.5 and 120.7 per 10,000; adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=1.04 [95% CI: 0.96, 1.13]). The incidence of adverse events was lower among non-pregnant women (n = 3581; 95.5 per 10,000); however, vaccination effects were stronger (90.2 and 101.6 per 10,000 among unvaccinated and vaccinated women, respectively; aOR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.11, 1.28). More adverse events occurred following COVID-19 diagnosis, including pericarditis (pregnant: aOR = 5.35, 95% CI: 2.24, 12.79; non-pregnant: aOR = 5.57, 95% CI: 3.02, 10.27) and acute myocardial infarction (pregnant: aOR = 3.15, 95% CI: 1.56, 6.37; non-pregnant: aOR = 4.34, 95% CI: 2.79, 6.76).

conclusionAdverse events associated with COVID-19 vaccination were rare in women, but substantially elevated following COVID-19 diagnosis. Being pregnant did not increase adverse event risk, reinforcing the safety of COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy.

Indexed as

COVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesPregnancy Complications, InfectiousVaccinationAdultCohort StudiesFemaleHumansIncidenceMiddle AgedPregnancySARS-CoV-2United StatesYoung AdultCOVID-19 VaccinesAdverse eventsCOVID-19PregnancySARS-CoV-2Vaccines

Identifiers

PMID40915347
PMCPMC12994916

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.