Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40913525›Full record

ArticleAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)2025

T-2 Toxin Exploits Gut-Derived Staphylococcus Saprophyticus to Disrupt Hepatic Macrophage Homeostasis.

Yuanyuan Zhu, Liu Xu, Fangrui Guo, Jianyu Qu, Xiangyan Liu, Qiurong Xu, Jie Sheng, Jiangping Wang, Xiaohong Xie, Ruimin Ren and 10 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

20 authors.

Yuanyuan ZhuHunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
Liu XuHunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
Fangrui GuoHunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
Jianyu QuHunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
Xiangyan LiuHunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
Qiurong XuHunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
Jie ShengHunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
Jiangping WangHunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
Xiaohong XieHunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
Ruimin RenKey Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Pig) Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
Chuan ZhouHunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
Sisi YanSchool of Basic Medicine, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 42100l, China.
Shuiping LiuHunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
Zhihang YuanHunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
Rongfang LiHunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
Jing WuHunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
Jine YiHunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
Yulong YinYuelushan Laboratory, Changsha, 410128, China.
Lixin WenHunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.
Ji WangHunan Engineering Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Health Care, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, China.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4185-3563

Funding

Horizontal Scientific Research Projects 2019xny-js044Horizontal Scientific Research Projects 2022xczx-414Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province 2024JJ6246Science and Technology Major Project of Yunnan Province 202202AE090032Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department 23B0219Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department 23C0089
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

T-2 toxin, a mycotoxin that frequently causes hidden contamination in food and animal feed, poses a substantial threat to both human and animal health. Staphylococcus saprophyticus (S. saprophyticus) is an opportunistic pathogen that widely infects humans and various animals. However, the specific conditions under which it becomes pathogenic, as well as the mechanisms underlying its pathogenicity remain unknown. In this study, it is found that a sub-cytotoxic dose of T-2 toxin in piglet and mouse models promotes the proliferation of intestinal S. saprophyticus and facilitates its translocation to the liver. Subsequent mechanistic investigations reveal that the translocated bacterium activates the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2)-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 and NOD2-C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 signaling pathways in Kupffer cells (KCs), thereby provoking autophagy in KCs and recruiting monocytes to the liver, alongside the M1 polarization of hepatic macrophages. Furthermore, modulation of the intestinal microbiota by xylo-oligosaccharides, as opposed to antibacterial agents, effectively mitigates the disruption of hepatic macrophage homeostasis. This work shows, for the first time, the pivotal role of S. saprophyticus in mycotoxin-induced impairment of liver immune function. It reveals the interaction between opportunistic pathogens, environmental toxins, and immune homeostasis.

Indexed as

HomeostasisLiverMacrophagesStaphylococcusAnimalsGastrointestinal MicrobiomeKupffer CellsMiceSwinegut‐liver axismacrophage homeostasisNOD2Staphylococcus saprophyticusT‐2 toxin

Identifiers

PMID40913525
PMCPMC12631815

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.