Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40911121›Full record

ReviewMaternal and child health journal2025

Assisted Infant Toilet Training and Bladder and Bowel Health: A Global Integrative Review.

Celia Hindmarsh, Deborah Davis, Marjorie Atchan

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Maternal and child health journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Trial
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Celia HindmarshFaculty of Health, University of Canberra, Building 10 B Office 35, University Dr, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia. u3046284@uni.canberra.edu.au.
Deborah DavisFaculty of Health, University of Canberra, Building 10 B Office 35, University Dr, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia.
Marjorie AtchanFaculty of Health, University of Canberra, Building 10 B Office 35, University Dr, Bruce, ACT, 2617, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundToilet training practices vary across cultures and time. Assisted Infant Toilet Training (AITT) is commonly used in low- and middle-income countries.

objectivesTo synthesise the literature on AITT, including timing of initiation and completion, infant elimination signalling, and associations with bladder and bowel dysfunction.

methodsAn integrative review methodology was employed. Comprehensive searches of Scopus, Medline, CINAHL, Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar identified relevant studies. Two reviewers independently screened and appraised studies using GRADE and JBI tools.

resultsOf 2,069 studies identified, 21 met inclusion criteria. Six observational studies reported reduced rates of bladder and bowel dysfunction when AITT was practised. DISCUSSION: AITT is widely practised in low-income, non-English speaking countries. While observational studies suggest a potential protective effect on bladder and bowel health, the evidence is at serious risk of bias. Further prospective research in high-income contexts is warranted.

Indexed as

Toilet TrainingUrinary BladderHumansInfantAssisted infant toilet trainingBladder and bowel dysfunctionEarly toilet trainingElimination communicationInfant development

Identifiers

PMID40911121
PMCPMC12484086

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.