ArticlemSystems2025
A hidden confounder for microbiome studies: medications used years before sample collection.
Article in mSystems, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed.
- Towards optimizing the host response to biotics: a report of an International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics working group.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Drug-microbiome-host interactions: antimicrobial effects of non-antibiotic compounds.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026Review
- Impact of the anti-inflammatory macrolide glasmacinal on the gut microbiota of healthy adults: an open-label trial.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Microbiome signatures for detection of colorectal lesions in population-based FIT screening.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Gut Microbiota in Metabolic Syndrome: Differences in Microbial Signatures and Clinical Profiles.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Microbiome-Informed Precision Electroconvulsive Therapy: Oral-Gut-Immune Signatures and Seizure Biology as Candidate Predictors of Response-A Narrative Review.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Tryptophan Metabolism and Aryl-Hydrocarbon Receptor Agonists in the Gut Microbiome of People With Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Article
- Microbiome-Associated Drug Response Variability in Heart Failure Treatment.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- The Influence of National Antibiotic Consumption on Neisseria Gonorrhoeae Antibiotic Resistance in Norway, 2003-2024.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Molecules of mood: the integrated molecular transducers of exercise's antidepressant effects.Molecular genetics and genomics : MGG · 2026Review
- Antibiotic use and gut microbiome composition links from individual-level prescription data of 14,979 individuals.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- Review
- Soy and the gut microbiome: a bi-directional relationship shaping nutrition and health.European journal of nutrition · 2026Review
- Gut dysbiosis in oncology: a risk factor for immunoresistance.Cell research · 2026Review
- Stress management by benzodiazepines in septic shock and critical illness: mechanistic and clinical evidence supporting alternative sedative strategies.Cell stress · 2026Article
- Gut dysbiosis in difficult-to-treat rheumatoid arthritis: hypothesized microbial endotypes, persistent inflammation, and pharmacological treatment resistance.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Integrative mechanisms and intervention targets of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in depressive disorders: advances across immune, endocrine, and central nervous system pathways.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- Drug-microbiome interactions: What we know and why predictive translation remains elusive.Gut microbes reports · 2026Article
- Shifts in the human gut microbiome during cancer chemotherapy are diet-dependent.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- In the Mouth or in the Gut? Innovation Through Implementing Oral and Gastrointestinal Health Science in Chronic Pain Management.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Medication usage is a known contributor to the inter-individual variability of the gut microbiome. However, medications are often used repeatedly and for long periods, a notion yet unaccounted for in microbiome studies. Recently, we and others showed that not only the usage of antibiotics and antidepressants at sampling, but also past consumption, is associated with the gut microbiome. This effect can be "additive"-the more a medication is used, the stronger the impact on the microbiome. Here, by utilizing retrospective medication usage data from the electronic health records and the observational Estonian microbiome cohort shotgun metagenomics data set (
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.