From convention to innovation: the role of genetic modification and genome editing in Australian wheat breeding.

Wheat is the most cultivated crop worldwide, and Australia consistently ranks among the top wheat-exporting countries. Although modern technology has expanded the speed and accuracy of conventional breeding, progress is constrained by limited genetic diversity and linkage drag, with new wheat varieties often taking 8-12 years to reach the market. Biotech methods involving the transformation of foreign DNA into genomes [genetic modification (GM)], or editing of native DNA [genome editing (GEd)], provide novel opportunities to efficiently improve traits alongside conventional breeding. In 2020, the world's first GM drought-tolerant bread wheat (HB4) hit the market in Argentina. The USA recently approved HB4 wheat for commercial cultivation, and human consumption of HB4 wheat has been approved by nine countries, including Australia. Currently, 25 countries, Australia included, have deregulated GEd crops in some form, and many other countries have indicated that they will follow suit. As of March 2025, no GM or GEd wheat is commercially grown in Australia. The rate at which private industry integrates GM and GEd into wheat breeding programmes will depend on several factors, including the regulatory consistency governing GM and GEd crops within Australia and among international trading partners, the return on investments relative to deregulation costs including licensing, the level of acceptance amongst growers and consumers, and technical considerations including wheat's amenability to tissue culture. This review contextualizes GM and GEd applications in wheat, often drawing on examples from crop species where biotechnology has been more widely employed, and considers the key stakeholders that will shape the future of GM and GEd wheat in Australia.