Slower transitions between control states lead to reductions in cognitive flexibility over the lifespan.

Declines in cognitive flexibility are a hallmark of cognitive aging, but their causes remain elusive. Here, we examine a previously untested source of aging-related cognitive inflexibility, building on a dynamical systems framework for flexible cognition. We propose that cognitive inflexibility can arise in part from slower transitions through the space of distinct configurations of cognitive control needed to pursue different goals. To test this model, we had participants across the lifespan (aged 19-88) perform a cognitive task under different performance goals, each of which induced a different configuration of cognitive control. Using computational modeling, we measured dynamic changes in two control signals (attentional focus and response caution) as participants pursued distinct goals. This allowed us to test three potential sources of age-related decreases in cognitive flexibility: 1) diminished control capacity in environments that require more goal switching; 2) diminished range of control adjustments; and 3) slower transitions between control configurations. Of these, we found that age was only associated with transition speed. When given sufficient time to maintain a given goal, older adults were able to adjust control to a similar extent as younger adults. However, older adults were more likely to undershoot their target control configuration when frequently switching between goals, consistent with longer transition times between configurations. Our findings demonstrate the critical role that cognitive dynamics play in explaining the mechanisms through which cognitive inflexibility arises in older adulthood.