Uncovering key biopsychosocial risk factors in non-violent suicide attempts: evidence from a Hungarian cross-sectional study.

Introduction: This Hungarian cross-sectional study examined patterns and differences in suicide risk factors across various suicidality groups, including individuals with single or multiple suicide attempts, as well as gender-specific variations. Additionally, it explored these risk factors within a biopsychosocial framework to offer a comprehensive understanding of their interconnected effects. Materials and methods: A total of 300 psychiatric inpatients were recruited from Péterfy Sandor Hospital in Budapest, Hungary, including 146 individuals (48.67%) with a history of suicide attempts and 154 (51.33%) without such a history. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 85 years, with a mean age of 37.98 years (SD = 12.80 for suicide attempters, 13.72 for non-attempters). The overall sample comprised 83 males (27.7%) and 217 females (72.3%). Logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the influence of demographic characteristics, life history variables, and psychiatric diagnoses on suicide risk, aiming to identify significant predictors of suicide attempts within a biopsychosocial framework. Results: Depression was the most prevalent psychiatric diagnosis in the sample. Significant predictors of suicide attempts included family history of suicide (OR = 2.283, Conclusions: Our research supports the notion that suicide risk factors interact with one another, and in certain cases, their effects may be synergistic-mutually reinforcing-rather than antagonistic. Similarly, protective factors also appear to amplify each other's impact, suggesting a cumulative and interactive model of both risk and resilience.