ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
Dual roles of innate immune cells and cytokines in shaping the breast cancer microenvironment.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Oncostatin M as a Multifunctional Regulator of Breast Cancer Progression: Current Insights and Future Therapeutic Avenues.IUBMB life · 2026Review
- PGE2-mediated NK cell reprogramming drives acquired immunotherapy resistance in lung adenocarcinoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Review
- Tumor-stromal crosstalk and macrophage enrichment are associated with chemotherapy response in bladder cancer.FEBS open bio · 2026Article
- CD109 is associated with an immunosuppressive microenvironment and M2 macrophage polarization: pan-cancer analysis and functional validation.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- PTGDS is a potential marker for lung adenocarcinoma identified in a pancancer analysis.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- CD38+ NK cells: novel players in immunoregulation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- TELO2 mediates parabens-induced breast carcinogenesis: a comprehensive network analysis.BMC pharmacology & toxicology · 2025Article
- Inside the Tumor: Decoding the Feline Mammary Tumor Microenvironment and Its Prognostic Value-A Review.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Breast cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. Increasing evidence underscores the pivotal yet paradoxical roles of innate immune cells and their associated cytokines in orchestrating the dynamic landscape of the breast tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Innate immune effectors, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and natural killer (NK) cells, exert dual functions by either initiating robust antitumor responses or facilitating immune evasion, metastatic dissemination, and therapeutic resistance. For instance, MDSCs suppress T and NK cell activity via STAT3/NF-κB signaling and modulate the cytokine milieu through IL-10 and TGF-β. Similarly, M2-polarized TAMs promote angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and chemoresistance via IL-10/STAT3/Bcl-2 pathways. In contrast, NK cells and CD103
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.