ArticleBiology2025
Menstrual Cycle Phase Influences Cognitive Performance in Women and Modulates Sex Differences: A Combined Longitudinal and Cross-Sectional Study.
Article in Biology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Neuropsychological Functioning in Transgender Adults: Evidence from a University-Based Gender Identity Clinic in Türkiye.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Highly specific ID-UHPLC-MS/MS method for analyzing polar and non-polar steroid hormones.Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry · 2026Article
- Gonadotropins Across the Lifespan: Their role in the Neurodevelopment-Neurodegeneration Continuum.The Yale journal of biology and medicine · 2026Review
- Sex differences in resting state EEG spectral power are more prominent than menstrual cycle effects in healthy young adults.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Sex hormones' and menstrual cycle's effects on cognitive performance remain unclear. This study examined cognitive differences between women across menstrual cycle phases, sex differences between women and men, and hormone-cognition associations. In total, 71 healthy young adults, aged 20-36 (42 women, 29 men), completed standardised cognitive tests measuring attention, processing speed, working memory, and visuospatial abilities. Women were tested twice: during menstrual (low-oestradiol) and pre-ovulatory (high-oestradiol) phases; men once. Hormone levels (oestradiol, progesterone, testosterone) were measured in blood samples via electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA). Two analytical strategies were used: (1) within-subject analysis comparing women between phases, and (2) between-group comparison across three groups-women in menstrual phase, pre-ovulatory phase, and men. Women performed better during pre-ovulatory versus menstrual phase in working memory (Digit span forward:
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.