GCNMF-SDA: predicting snoRNA-disease associations based on graph convolution and non-negative matrix factorization.

Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) play crucial roles in a wide range of biological processes, and studying their association with diseases can enhance our understanding of disease pathogenesis. Nevertheless, current knowledge of these associations is limited traditional biological experiments are both costly and time-consuming. Consequently, developing efficient computational methods is essential for predicting potential snoRNA-disease associations. We propose a novel prediction method based on non-negative matrix factorization and graph convolution for predicting snoRNA-disease associations (GCNMF-SDA). First, five different types of similarity information from snoRNA and disease entities are introduced to fully mine and refine the feature information. Then the snoRNA and disease similarity networks are integrated using nonlinearity approach Similarity Network Fusion (SNF), while the weighted K nearest known neighbors (WKNKN) algorithm is applied to optimize the snoRNA-disease association matrix. Following this, the graph convolution module and the non-negative matrix factorization module extract disease features and snoRNA features, respectively. After extracting these features, they are combined into a composite feature vector for each snoRNA-disease pair. Finally, the composite feature vectors along with their corresponding labels, are input into a multilayer perceptron for training. Our experiments, conducted using a rigorous five-fold cross-validation approach, reveal that the GCNMF-SDA model achieves an impressive area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) of 0.9659 and an area under the precision-recall curve (AUC-PR) of 0.9522. Furthermore, most of the novel associations identified by GCNMF-SDA were validated through case studies, underscoring the method's reliability in predicting potential relationships between snoRNAs and diseases.