ArticleCureus2025
Assessment of the Relation Between Diabetes Mellitus and Current Smokers Across Varying Demographics and Socioeconomic Characteristics: A Cross-Sectional Study.
Article in Cureus, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionSmoking induces oxidative stress and inflammation, which can impair insulin function and increase the risk of developing diabetes. Understanding this modifiable risk factor across diverse demographic and socioeconomic groups is essential for targeted public health interventions.
aimsTo assess the relationship between current smoking and self-reported diabetes and to analyze how this association varies across demographics and socioeconomic characteristics. Methodology: This retrospective study used data from the 2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). The primary variables were smoking status and self-reported diabetes. Control variables included age, gender, race, education, and income. Data was extracted using the BRFSS Web-Enabled Analysis Tool. Cross-tabulations were performed for each variable, with results reported as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
resultsA total of 408,857 respondents across all U.S. locations aged 18 years and older were recorded; among these, 7,028 (14.1%) current smokers reported having diabetes, while 49,652 (13.8%) non-smokers reported having diabetes. The likelihood of diabetes among current smokers was slightly higher but statistically non-significant (OR = 1.025, 95% CI: 0.997-1.053). Highest odds were observed in smokers aged 65+ (n = 2,522, 20.7%), female individuals (n = 3,603, 14.7%), non-Hispanic others (n = 1,381, 16%), and those with advanced education (n = 3,472, 13.4%). Lower odds were found in male individuals (n = 3,425, 13.6%) and Black, non-Hispanic (n = 830, 18.9%), low-income < $50,000 (n = 4,266, 16.5%), and basic education (n = 3,535, 14.9%). Therefore, the diabetes likelihood with smoking varies by age, sex, race, income, and education.
conclusionsWhile the overall association between smoking and diabetes was statistically insignificant, notable differences were found among demographic and socioeconomic subgroups. Further prospective studies are recommended to explore these in depth.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.