Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40904454›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in immunology2025

NINJ1 oligomerises on large apoptotic cell-derived extracellular vesicles to regulate vesicle stability and cellular content release.

Bo Shi, Caolingzhi Tang, Stephanie F Rutter, Omar Audi, Dilara C Ozkocak, Alice M Trenerry, Daniel S Simpson, Scott A Williams, Quan T Le, Gemma F Ryan and 6 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Bon appétit, your phagocyte.Cell death discovery · 2026
    Review
  4. Review
  5. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Bo ShiDepartment of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Caolingzhi Tang *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Stephanie F Rutter *Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Omar AudiDepartment of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Dilara C OzkocakDepartment of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Alice M TrenerryDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Daniel S SimpsonThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Scott A WilliamsCancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Quan T LeDepartment of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Gemma F RyanDepartment of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Ponsuge T M CoorayDepartment of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
James E VinceThe Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Jason M MackenzieDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Mark D HulettDepartment of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Thanh Kha PhanDepartment of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Ivan K H PoonDepartment of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Research Centre for Extracellular Vesicles, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Billions of cells undergo apoptosis, a non-inflammatory form of programmed cell death, daily as part of normal development and homeostasis. Apoptotic cells undergo apoptotic cell disassembly to release large extracellular vesicles (EVs) called apoptotic bodies (ApoBDs) to promote dead cell clearance, or otherwise proceed to an inflammatory, lytic outcome (i.e., secondary necrosis). The latter event is regulated by ninjurin-1 (NINJ1), a key executioner of plasma membrane rupture (PMR) through its oligomerisation. However, the precise role of NINJ1 at the intersection of apoptotic cell disassembly and secondary necrosis remain elusive. Here, we show that NINJ1 increasingly oligomerises upon the completion of apoptotic cell disassembly process and that higher-order NINJ1 oligomerisation occurs on ApoBDs. We also demonstrate that NINJ1 regulates PMR of ApoBDs and the release of inflammatory signals and, in part, norovirus particles. Together, our findings provide new insights into NINJ1-mediated PMR and content release-associated functions of ApoBDs.

Indexed as

ApoptosisCell Adhesion Molecules, NeuronalExtracellular VesiclesAnimalsHumansMiceProtein MultimerizationCell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronalapoptosisapoptotic bodiesextracellular vesicles (EVs)inflammationNINJ1norovirusplasma membrane rupture

Identifiers

PMID40904454
PMCPMC12401683

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.