ReviewJournal of neurochemistry2025
Mechanisms Underlying Treatment-Resistant Depression: Exploring Sex-Based Biological Differences.
Review in Journal of neurochemistry, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Immunotherapy for depression: targeting cytokine pathways in major depressive disorder.Psychopharmacology · 2026Review
- Gender-specific associations of diet quality and dietary patterns with metabolic syndrome: evidence from Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VI.Nutrition & metabolism · 2026Article
- Research Progress on the Biological Function and Homeostatic Disruption of Microglia in the Pathogenesis of Major Depressive Disorder.Neuroscience bulletin · 2026Review
- The Role of Exosomes in the Regulation of Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Treatment Resistance-Linking Cellular Crosstalk to Clinical Implications in Depression.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- The relevance of phenotypic definition in treatment resistant forms of major depressive disorder: a narrative review.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Blood Concentrations of Folic Acid and Homocysteine Are Associated with Treatment-Resistant Depression Among Female Depressed Patients.Biomolecules · 2026Article
- Mechanisms Underlying Treatment-Resistant Depression: Exploring Sex-Based Biological Differences.Journal of neurochemistry · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) represents a severe and complex subtype of major depressive disorder (MDD), affecting approximately 30% of patients who fail to respond adequately to multiple standard antidepressant therapies. While the pathophysiology of TRD remains incompletely understood, emerging evidence suggests that sex-based biological differences might influence its onset, progression, and treatment response. Women are disproportionately affected by depression and are more likely to experience residual symptoms and treatment resistance, potentially due to hormonal fluctuations, immune system differences, and variations in brain circuitry and neuroplasticity. This narrative explores the current literature on the mechanisms underlying TRD, with a particular emphasis on sex-specific biological factors. Key focus areas include dysregulation in neurotransmitters and neurotrophic pathways, inflammation, HPA axis alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as the influence of sex hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. By highlighting these differences, this review underscores the importance of personalized, sex-informed approaches in the prevention and treatment of TRD and calls for further research to elucidate the biological underpinnings that contribute to sex disparities in treatment outcomes.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.