ArticleJournal of extracellular vesicles2025
Bioactive Silk Fibroin Hydrogel Harnesses BMSCs-EVs to Modulate Inflammatory Microenvironment in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration.
Article in Journal of extracellular vesicles, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Global trends and hotspots of macrophage-related research in intervertebral disc degeneration from 2005 to 2025: a bibliometric and visualized analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Review
- Evaluation of Colombian silk fibroin hydrogels functionalized with recombinant LSECtin for intervertebral disc tissue engineering.PloS one · 2026Article
- Bioactive Silk Fibroin Hydrogel Harnesses BMSCs-EVs to Modulate Inflammatory Microenvironment in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2025Article
- Stem cell-based strategies for intervertebral disc regeneration in degenerative microenvironments: challenges and solutions.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a common age-related disorder associated with inflammation, pain and impaired mobility. In this study, we developed a therapeutic system using silk fibroin (SF) hydrogel loaded with mRNA-engineered extracellular vesicles derived from murine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs-EVs) to modulate macrophage polarization and alleviate IVDD. BMSCs were isolated from 6-week-old C57BL/6 mice, and an acute IVDD model was established via 18G needle puncture of the coccygeal discs (Co7-Co10). RAW 264.7 murine macrophages were used for in vitro assays, with M1 polarization induced by LPS and IFN-γ. The SF/EVs complex was characterized by SEM, FTIR and rheology, confirming its structural suitability for EV delivery. Functionally, SF hydrogel not only served as a biocompatible carrier but also enabled sustained release of EVs, enhancing their anti-inflammatory effects. In vitro, SF/EVs inhibited M1 polarization and promoted M2 marker expression. In vivo implantation improved disc histology and reduced inflammatory macrophage infiltration. High-throughput RNA sequencing identified S100B as a key functional cargo within EVs. Lentivirus-mediated overexpression and knockdown experiments confirmed that EV-derived S100B suppresses M1 polarization and mitigates IVDD progression. In summary, SF hydrogel loaded with S100B-enriched BMSCs-EVs offers a promising strategy to reshape the inflammatory microenvironment and promote disc regeneration in IVDD.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.