Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40903653›Full record

ArticleBiological trace element research2026

Effects of Maternal Iodine Deficiency in Women with Mild Thyroid Dysfunction During Early Pregnancy on Mental and Motor Growth of Their Offspring During Levothyroxine Treatment.

Tong Zhao, Chenyan Li, Haoyu Wang, Jiashu Li, Chuyuan Wang, Zhengnan Gao, Jianling Du, Weiping Teng, Zhongyan Shan

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Biological trace element research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Tong ZhaoDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 in Nanjing North Street, Heping Distinct, Shenyang, 110001, P. R. China.
Chenyan LiDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 in Nanjing North Street, Heping Distinct, Shenyang, 110001, P. R. China.
Haoyu WangDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 in Nanjing North Street, Heping Distinct, Shenyang, 110001, P. R. China.
Jiashu LiDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 in Nanjing North Street, Heping Distinct, Shenyang, 110001, P. R. China.
Chuyuan WangDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 in Nanjing North Street, Heping Distinct, Shenyang, 110001, P. R. China.
Zhengnan GaoDepartment of Endocrinology, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital Affiliated of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116033, China.
Jianling DuDepartment of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China.
Weiping TengDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 in Nanjing North Street, Heping Distinct, Shenyang, 110001, P. R. China.
Zhongyan ShanDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 in Nanjing North Street, Heping Distinct, Shenyang, 110001, P. R. China. shanzhongyan@medmail.com.cn.

Funding

Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province Q22H079831Zhejiang Provincial Medical and Health Science and Technology Program 2022KY779
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The relationship between maternal thyroid function and intellectual development of offspring is controversial. Iodine may be an important confounding factor. This study investigated whether maternal iodine status could affect the efficacy of levothyroxine (LT4) treatment during early pregnancy on the intellectual growth of progeny.This prospective study divided participants into two groups; the normal iodine group included 53 mother-child pairs and the low iodine group included 60 mother-child pairs (urinary iodine concentration (UIC) ≥ 150 µg/L and UIC < 150 µg/L). Each iodine status group was further subdivided according to specific maternal thyroid disorders. The two groups were categorized as follows: Control(N), hypothyroxinemia (IH) + LT4, subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) + LT4, positive thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAbs) + LT4. Finally, the study included eight groups. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development-II were employed to evaluate the neurodevelopment of children (age: 12 -30 months). The main results were age-adjusted scores from the Mental Development Index (MDI) and Psychomotor Development Index (PDI).We found that: 1) Under the similar conditions of thyroid function and treatment, iodine deficiency during early pregnancy reduced the MDI value of the offspring (P < 0.001), while, the PDI value was not affected (P = 0.276). Linear regression demonstrated a substantial positive correlation between maternal UIC and MDI of offspring (B = 0.09 [CI 0.06-0.13]; P = 0.01). In the case of iodine deficiency during pregnancy, LT4 treatment on SCH and IH could not improve offspring MDI scores (P < 0.001, P = 0.037, respectively) in contrast to the normal group. However, under normal iodine status during pregnancy, LT4 treatment on SCH and IH could improve offspring MDI scores (P = 0.525, P = 0.650, respectively) compared with the normal group. Concurrently, the PDI of the aforementioned categories did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). 3) In comparison to the normal group, LT4 treatment on TPOAbs during pregnancy could not improve the MDI of the offspring, regardless of whether the iodine nutritional status was normal or not (P < 0.001, P = 0.047, respectively). These findings suggest that concurrent assessment and optimization of both thyroid function and iodine status during early pregnancy may be essential for maximizing offspring intellectual development.

Indexed as

Child DevelopmentHypothyroidismIodinePregnancy ComplicationsPrenatal Exposure Delayed EffectsThyroid DiseasesThyroxineAdultChild, PreschoolFemaleHumansInfantMalePregnancyProspective StudiesIodineThyroxineIodineLT4MDIPDISCHTPOAbs

Identifiers

PMID40903653
PMCPMC13128789

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.