Beyond respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus: The other viral respiratory bandits.

Asthma affects approximately 25 million people in the United States, with respiratory viruses playing a significant role in both the onset and exacerbations of the condition. Although rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are the most well-known triggers, other iratory viruses playing a significant role in both the on, human parainfluenza virus, human bocavirus, enterovirus D68, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2 are increasingly recognized for their significant impact on asthma. These viruses contribute to both the development of asthma and exacerbations by inducing airway inflammation, disrupting epithelial barriers, and skewing immune responses-particularly toward type 2 inflammation. Human metapneumovirus and human parainfluenza virus, members of the Paramyxoviridae family such as RSV, have been linked to early life wheezing and long-term airway changes. Although often co-detected with other viruses, human bocavirus has been associated with recurrent wheezing and asthma risk. Enterovirus D68, notably during the 2014 outbreak, caused severe exacerbations in children with asthma. Influenza and SARS-CoV-2 can cause significant morbidity in those with asthma, even if they are not the primary drivers of exacerbations or onset. As RSV vaccines become more widespread, shifts in viral ecology may lead to increased prevalence of these lesser known viruses due to viral interference and immunity gaps. Understanding their epidemiology and mechanisms is crucial for addressing the evolving asthma burden. Comprehensive surveillance, improved diagnostics, and mechanistic research are essential for developing effective preventive strategies. Broadening the focus beyond rhinovirus and RSV will be critical to fully understand and mitigate the impact of asthma on childrenng be critical to fth.