Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40902109›Full record

ArticleDiabetes care2025

Maternal Diabetes, Fetal Growth, and Stillbirth Risk: A Population-Wide Retrospective Cohort Study From Victoria, Australia.

Hannah G Gordon, Alexis Shub, Susan P Walker, Richard J Hiscock, Jessica Atkinson, Stephen Tong, Roxanne M Hastie, Anthea C Lindquist, Natasha L Pritchard

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Diabetes care, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Hannah G GordonDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Newborn Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-7510-0071
Alexis ShubDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Newborn Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-9719-5753
Susan P WalkerDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Newborn Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Richard J HiscockDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Newborn Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Jessica AtkinsonDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Newborn Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Stephen TongDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Newborn Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Roxanne M HastieDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Newborn Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Anthea C LindquistDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Newborn Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Natasha L PritchardDepartment of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Newborn Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Funding

Australian Government Research Training Program ScholarshipNational Health and Medical Research Council Postgraduate Research Scholarship
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo determine the relationships between diabetes in pregnancy, birth weight, and stillbirth risk, using population-based data. RESEARCH DESIGN AND

methodsAll singleton births in Victoria, Australia, between 2009 and 2020 were linked with perinatal and diabetes data. For each diabetes subgroup (type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes [diet-controlled, insulin-controlled]), we assessed the proportion of infants with a birth weight in <10th or >97th centile, the probability of stillbirth by birth weight centile, and stillbirth rate per 1,000 pregnancies across gestational age.

resultsOur study cohort of 860,042 included 100,856 pregnancies (11.7%) complicated by diabetes in pregnancy. Compared with no diabetes, women with diabetes in pregnancy gave birth earlier (median gestation 38.7 weeks vs. 39.4) and had more iatrogenic births (65% vs. 44%). Gestational diabetes was associated with a lower overall risk of stillbirth compared with no diabetes (diet-controlled: relative risk [RR] 0.75 [95% CI 0.64-0.89]; insulin-controlled: RR 0.37 [95% CI 0.25-0.50]). Compared with no diabetes, preexisting diabetes was associated with an increased risk of stillbirth (RR 2.68 [95% CI 2.01-3.56]), with this trend persisting across all gestational ages and birth weights. This was particularly observed among infants in the >97th centile (type 1 diabetes: RR 3.96 [95% CI 1.23-12.76]; type 2 diabetes: RR 4.02 [95% CI 1.71-9.47]).

conclusionsIn our cohort, gestational diabetes was associated with a lower stillbirth risk compared with no diabetes, which potentially can be explained by increased monitoring and earlier iatrogenic delivery. Preexisting diabetes was associated with a higher overall risk of stillbirth, with macrosomic fetuses in the >97th centile representing a particularly high-risk group requiring close monitoring.

Indexed as

Diabetes, GestationalFetal DevelopmentPregnancy in DiabeticsStillbirthAdultBirth WeightDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2FemaleGestational AgeHumansInfant, NewbornPregnancyRetrospective StudiesVictoria

Identifiers

PMID40902109
PMCPMC12583400

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.