ArticleJournal of behavioral addictions2025
Salience and tolerance are not indicators of problematic social media use: Evidence from the Social Media Disorder Scale and the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale.
Article in Journal of behavioral addictions, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Swedish version of the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale: A psychometric evaluation among adolescents.Addictive behaviors reports · 2026Article
- A clinical trial of cognitive behavioral interventions for social media addiction, psychological problems, quality of family relationships and academic performance among university students.Discover mental health · 2026Article
- Shedding light on mental health problems and potential solutions for young women: results from an anonymous asynchronous online focus group.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Inhibitory control and stress biomarkers in response to social media stimuli: a Go/No-Go study using heart rate variability, alpha-amylase and oxytocin.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- The temporal stability of core symptoms of social media addiction and their comorbidity with anxiety and depression in adolescents: a longitudinal network analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
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Abstract
Background and aims: The components model of addiction outlines six criteria shared by all addictive disorders. This proposal has been widely applied to conceptualize behavioral addictions, including problematic social media use (PSMU). However, certain criteria can be defined as "core" (e.g., mood modification, relapse, withdrawal, conflict), reflecting problematic involvement, while others as "peripheral" (e.g., salience, tolerance), reflecting non-problematic involvement. We evaluated whether a two-factor model distinguishing between core and peripheral criteria provides a better fit than the unifactorial model in PSMU. Additionally, we examined whether core and peripheral criteria exhibit different patterns of association with psychological measures. Methods: A total of 2,761 adolescents (M = 14.80 years, SD = 1.91 years) completed the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), the Social Media Disorder Scale (SMD), and measures of depression, anxiety, loneliness, life satisfaction, and self-esteem. Confirmatory factor analyses compared one-factor and two-factor models for the BSMAS and SMD. Associations were evaluated using structural equation models. Results: A two-factor model that distinguished core (i.e., mood modification, relapse, withdrawal, conflict) and peripheral (i.e., salience, tolerance) criteria provided a better fit than the unifactorial model for both scales. Core criteria were positively associated with depression, anxiety, and loneliness, and negatively associated with life satisfaction and self-esteem. Opposite patterns were observed for peripheral criteria: they were negatively associated with depression, anxiety, and loneliness, and positively associated with life satisfaction and self-esteem. Discussion and Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the components model of addiction may not be valid for assessing PSMU, promoting overdiagnosis and pathologization.
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