ArticleCancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology2025
Potential Exposure to Environmental Toxic Emissions and Increased Cancer Risk in Puerto Rico.
Article in Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Environmental exposures, microbiome dynamics and chronic disease risk in climate-vulnerable regions: interdisciplinary perspectives from Puerto Rico.Frontiers in public health · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundToxic environmental pollutants are a risk factor for some cancers. We conducted an ecological study to assess the cancer risk in Puerto Rico after 15 years of exposure.
methodsCancer incidence data (2018-2022) were obtained from the Puerto Rico Central Cancer Registry. Contaminated areas were defined as municipalities with industrial facilities reporting on-site toxic chemical emissions to the Environmental Protection Agency's Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) from 2006 to 2020. We estimated cancer risk using the age-standardized incidence RR with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) by cancer type and sex. This was repeated for the frequency of on-site TRI emissions (none, intermittent, and continuous). All analyses were performed using SEER*Stat v8.4.4.
resultsBetween 2018 and 2022, 80,179 invasive cancer cases were diagnosed in Puerto Rico. Residents of contaminated municipalities had a 7% higher risk of all cancer types (RR: 1.07; 95% CI, 1.05-1.09) than those in noncontaminated municipalities, similar to females (RR: 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.07) and males (RR: 1.10; 95% CI, 1.07-1.12). Risk was higher in highly contaminated municipalities, with a 5% increase in females (RR = 1.05; 95% CI, 1.03-1.08) and 12% in males (RR = 1.12; 95% CI, 1.09-1.15).
conclusionsThe data suggest higher cancer rates in municipalities with TRI facilities, emphasizing the need for research, environmental interventions, and public health actions to mitigate toxic chemical exposure in Puerto Rico. IMPACT: This study contributes additional knowledge of Puerto Rico's cancer burden by identifying the relationship that may exist between living in municipalities with industries reporting the emission of toxic chemicals and cancer risk.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.