ArticleBiological trace element research2026
Assessment of Toxic Metal Contamination and Consumer Safety of Medicinal Plants in Al-Diwaniyah Herbal Shops.
Article in Biological trace element research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The growing use of herbal remedies has raised concerns about toxic metal contamination. This study evaluated the levels and health risks of five metals-lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and chromium (Cr)-in 20 commonly used medicinal herbs from four shops in Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy revealed that average concentrations of most metals exceeded international safety limits, particularly for Cr, which surpassed WHO standards in all samples. Concentrations ranged from: Pb (0.38 ± 0.01 -3.77 ± 0.11 mg/kg), Cd (BLD-0.62 ± 0.03 mg/kg), Ni (0.04 ± 0.01-10.96 ± 0.76 mg/kg), Cu (5.31 ± 0.21-23.49 ± 1.40 mg/kg), and Cr (3.39 ± 0.10-7.17 ± 0.28 mg/kg). Shop 1 contributed the highest share of contamination. Health risk was assessed using EDI, THQ, HI, CR, and TCCR, based on data from 4 vendors and 280 consumers. While most EDI, THQ, and HI values were within safe thresholds, CR values for Ni and Cr showed slight elevation, and TCCR exceeded the 1 × 10⁻
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