Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40898813›Full record

ArticleBiology letters2025

Tongue-bite apparatus highlights functional innovation in a 310-million-year-old ray-finned fish.

Sam Giles, Matthew Kolmann, Matt Friedman

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Biology letters, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Sam GilesSchool of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-9267-4392
Matthew KolmannDepartment of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9748-2066
Matt FriedmanNatural History Museum, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-0114-7384

Funding

National Environment Research CouncilNational Science FoundationRoyal Society
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Gill-skeleton modifications for processing prey represent a major source of functional innovation in living ray-finned fishes. Here we present the oldest actinopterygian tongue bite, derived from the gill skeleton, in the Middle Pennsylvanian (approx. 310 Ma) †

Indexed as

Biological EvolutionFishesFossilsSkates, FishTongueAnimalsFeeding BehaviorGillsJawfeedingfunctional morphologygill skeletonray finned fish

Identifiers

PMID40898813
PMCPMC12405943

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.