ArticleScientific data2025
The Indo-European Cognate Relationships dataset.
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Article in Scientific data, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Testing the validity and adequacy of linguistic phylogenetic analyses.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
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91 authors.
Cormac AndersonDepartment of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. cormacanderson@gmail.com.ORCID 0000-0003-0126-3841
Matthew ScarboroughDepartment of Nordic Studies and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen, 2300, København S, Denmark. matthew.scarborough@hum.ku.dk.ORCID 0009-0001-1782-5223
Lechosław JoczFaculty of Humanities, Jacob of Paradies University, Fryderyka Chopina 52, 66-400, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland.ORCID 0000-0002-4714-8462
Martin Joachim KümmelSeminar for Indo-European Studies, Institut für Orientalistik, Indogermanistik, Ur- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany.
Thomas JügelRuhr-Universität Bochum, CERES - Center of Religious Studies, Universitätsstr. 90a, 44789, Bochum, Germany.
Britta IrslingerSaxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Karl-Tauchnitz-Straße 1, 04107, Leipzig, Germany.
Roland PoothDepartment of Linguistics, Ghent University, Blandijnberg 2, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
Henrik LiljegrenDepartment of Linguistics, Stockholm University, Universitetsvägen 10 C, Frescati, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
Richard F StrandIndependent scholar, Cottonwood, Arizona, USA.
Geoffrey HaigDepartment of General Linguistics, University of Bamberg, Schillerplatz 17, 96047, Bamberg, Germany.
Ulrich GeupelVergleichende Sprachwissenschaft und Keltologie, Philipps-Universität, Wilhelm-Röpke-Str. 6E, 35032, Marburg, Germany.
Martin MacakIndependent scholar, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Ronald I KimDepartment of Older Germanic Languages, Faculty of English, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780, Poznań, Poland.ORCID 0000-0003-3298-9653
Erik AnonbyDepartment of General Linguistics, University of Bamberg, Schillerplatz 17, 96047, Bamberg, Germany.
Tijmen PronkLeiden University Centre for Linguistics, Postbus 9515, 2300 RA, Leiden, Netherlands.
Oleg BelyaevInstitute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi Kislovsky lane 1/1, 125009, Moscow, Russia.
Tonya Kim Dewey-FindellCentre for the Study of the Viking Age, School of English, Trent Building, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
Matthew BoutilierDepartment of German, Nordic and Slavic, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
Cassandra FreibergIndependent scholar, Berlin, Germany.
Robert TegethoffSeminar for Indo-European Studies, Institut für Orientalistik, Indogermanistik, Ur- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany.
Matilde SerangeliSeminar for Indo-European Studies, Institut für Orientalistik, Indogermanistik, Ur- und Frühgeschichtliche Archäologie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany.
Krzysztof StrońskiInstitute of Oriental Studies, Faculty of Modern Languages, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Grunwaldzka 6, 61-780, Poznań, Poland.
Alexander FalileyevDepartamento de Filología Clásica e Indoeuropeo, University of Salamanca, Palacio de Anaya (Filología), Plaza de Anaya s/n, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
Nikos LiosisInstitute of Modern Greek Studies, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Kim SchulteDepartment of Translation and Communication, Jaume I University, 12071, Castellón de la Plana, Castellón, Spain.
Ganesh Kumar GuptaInstitute of Oriental Studies, Faculty of Modern Languages, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Grunwaldzka 6, 61-780, Poznań, Poland.
Raheleh IzadifarDepartment of Linguistics, Faculty of Humanities, Bu-Ali Sina University, Shahid Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan Street, Hamedan, 6516738695, Iran.
Patrycja MarkusInstitute of Oriental Studies, Faculty of Modern Languages, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Grunwaldzka 6, 61-780, Poznań, Poland.
Nicholas WilliamsUniversity College Dublin, Newman, Building, Block A, Level 2, Stillorgan Rd, Belfield, Dublin, D04 T6C2, Ireland.
Simone LoiInstitut für Linguistik, Philologische Fakultät, Universität Leipzig, 04081, Leipzig, Germany.
Nicholas Sims-WilliamsSOAS University of London, Thornhaugh Street, Russell Square, London, WC1H 0XG, UK.
Martin FindellSchool of English, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-5197-4417
Shirin AdibifarDepartment of General Linguistics, University of Bamberg, Schillerplatz 17, 96047, Bamberg, Germany.
Giovanni AbeteDipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Porta di Massa, 1, 80133, Napoli, Italy.
Petar AtanasovIndependent scholar, Skopje, North Macedonia.
Esther BaiwirFaculté des Humanités, Université de Lille, Domaine Universitaire du Pont de Bois, 3 Rue du Barreau, 59650, Villeneuve-d'Ascq, France.
Maria-Reina BastardasDepartament de Filologia Clàssica, Romànica i Semítica, Facultat de Filologia i Comunicació, Universitat de Barcelona, Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, 585, 08007, Barcelona, Spain.
Adam BenkatoMiddle Eastern Languages and Cultures, UC Berkeley, 250 Social Sciences Building, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
Lisa Shugert BevevinoFrench and Latin Faculty, University of Minnesota, Morris, Division of Humanities, 600 East Fourth Street, Morris, Minnesota, 56267, USA.
Éva BuchiATILF (CNRS & Université de Lorraine), 44 avenue de la Libération, B.P. 30687, 54063, Nancy, France.ORCID 0000-0002-5795-8602
Giorgio CadoriniDepartment of Classical Studies, Philosophical Faculty, Masaryk University, Gorkého 63/14, 602 00, Brno, Czechia.
Chundra CathcartInstitute for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution, University of Zurich, Affolternstrasse 56, 8050, Zürich, Switzerland.
Loïc CheveauUniversité Rennes 2, Place du recteur Henri Le Moal, CS 24307, 35043, Rennes, France.
Charalambos ChristodoulouUniversity of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus.
Jérémie DelormeLACITO - UMR 7107 - CNRS / Paris III/Inalco, Langues et civilisations à tradition orale, 7 rue Guy Môquet (bât. D), 94801, Villejuif, France.
Steven N DworkinRomance Linguistics, 108 Modern Languages Building, 812 East Washington Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1275, USA.
Deniz EkiciIndependent scholar, Berkeley, USA.
Shervin FarridnejadUniversität Hamburg, Geschichte und Kultur des Vorderen Orients, Edmund-Siemers-Allee 1, Flügel Ost, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
Mojtaba GheitasiUniversity of Ilam, Ilam Province, Ilam, Pazhohesh Blvd, Iran.
Harald HammarströmDepartment of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala University, Box 635, 751 26, Uppsala, Sweden.
Steve HewittIndependent scholar, Östra Ämtervik, Sweden.
Afsar Ali KhanConsultant Language Development, FLI 2, Block 19. G-8 Markaz, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
Muhammad Kamal KhanDepartment of English Language and Applied Linguistics, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan.ORCID 0000-0001-7897-3708
Liudmila KhokhlovaDepartment of Indian Philology, Institute of Asian and African Studies, Moscow State University, Mokhovaya 11, Moscow, 125009, Russia.
Deborah KimIndependent scholar, Grand Forks, USA.
Christopher LewinFaclair na Gàidhlig, Sabhal Mòr Ostaig, Sleat, Isle of Skye, IV44 8RQ, UK.
Borana LushajRadboud University, Houtlaan 4, 6525 XZ, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
Parvin MahmoudveysiDepartment of History and Culture of the Middle East, Asia Africa Institute, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
Masoud MahommadiradUMR 8041 Centre de recherche sur le monde iranien, CNRS - Campus Paris-Villejuif, 7 rue Guy Môquet, 94800, Villejuif, France.
Sam MerschFaculty of Language and Literature, Humanities, Arts and Education, Université du Luxembourg, Maison des Sciences Humaines, 11 Porte des Sciences, L-4366, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
Baydaa MustafaDepartment of General Linguistics, University of Bamberg, Schillerplatz 17, 96047, Bamberg, Germany.
Fatemeh NematiDepartment of English Language and Literature, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, 7516913817, Iran.ORCID 0000-0001-9657-3126
Maryam NourzaeiDepartment of General Linguistics, University of Bamberg, Schillerplatz 17, 96047, Bamberg, Germany.
Peadar Ó MuircheartaighCeltic and Scottish Studies, College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 57 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JU, UK.
Virginia OogjenLeiden University Centre for Linguistics, Postbus 9515, 2300 RA, Leiden, Netherlands.
Muhammed OurangUniversity of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
Heather PaganSchool of Humanities, University of Westminster, 309 Regent Street, London, W1B 2HW, UK.
Timothy S PalmerLeiden University Centre for Linguistics, Postbus 9515, 2300 RA, Leiden, Netherlands.
Steve PepperDepartment of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1102, Blindern, 0317 OSLO, Norway.
Mandar PurandareInstitute of Oriental Studies, Faculty of Modern Languages, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Grunwaldzka 6, 61-780, Poznań, Poland.
Khwaja RehmanDirectorate of Higher Education Colleges, Muzaffarabad, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan.
Guto RhysIndependent scholar, Brussels, Belgium.
Unn RøynelandCenter for Multilingualism in Society across the Lifespan, University of Oslo, PO box 1102, Blindern, 0317 OSLO, Norway.
Muhammad Zaman SagarForum for Language Initiatives, P.O Box No. 763, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Jade Jørgen SandstedtVolda University College, Postboks 500, 6101, Volda, Norway.
Lars SteenslandIndependent scholar, Lund, Sweden.
Mortaza Taheri-ArdaliSchool of Linguistics and Language Studies, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-1260-6128
Mahnaz Talebi-DastenaeiSchool of Linguistics and Language Studies, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada.
Sabine TittelHeidelberg Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Karlstraße 4, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
Tiago TresoldiDepartment of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala University, Box 635, 751 26, Uppsala, Sweden.
Michiel de VaanUniversität Basel, Department of Ancient Civilizations, Historical-Comparative Linguistics, Petersgraben 51, CH-4051, Basel, Switzerland.
Annemarie VerkerkDepartment of Language Science and Technology, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany.
Arjen VerslootGermaanse taalkunde, in het bijzonder de Duitse, Scandinavische en Friese talen, Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen, Postbus 1641, 1000 BP, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Paul VidesottFaculty of Education, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Regensburger Allee 16, 39042, Brixen, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-4671-5939
Nikola VuletićCenter for Adriatic Onomastics and Ethnolinguistics, University of Zadar, Trg kneza Višeslava 9, 23000, Zadar, Croatia.
Manuel WidmerNCCR Evolving Language, Affolternstrasse 56, 8050, Zürich, Switzerland.
Arash ZeiniFaculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Oxford, Pusey Lane, Oxford, OX1 2LE, UK.
Hans-Jörg BibikoDepartment of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
Fiona RungeIndependent scholar, Leipzig, Germany.
Russell D GrayDepartment of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. russell_gray@eva.mpg.de.ORCID 0000-0002-9858-0191
Paul HeggartyDepartment of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. Paul.Heggarty@gmail.com.ORCID 0000-0001-9585-126X
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The Indo-European Cognate Relationships (IE-CoR) dataset is an open-access relational dataset showing how related, inherited words ('cognates') pattern across 160 languages of the Indo-European family. IE-CoR is intended as a benchmark dataset for computational research into the evolution of the Indo-European languages. It is structured around 170 reference meanings in core lexicon, and contains 25731 lexeme entries, analysed into 4981 cognate sets. Novel, dedicated structures are used to code all known cases of horizontal transfer. All 13 main documented clades of Indo-European, and their main subclades, are well represented. Time calibration data for each language are also included, as are relevant geographical and social metadata. Data collection was performed by an expert consortium of 89 linguists drawing on 355 cited sources. The dataset is extendable to further languages and meanings and follows the Cross-Linguistic Data Format (CLDF) protocols for linguistic data. It is designed to be interoperable with other cross-linguistic datasets and catalogues, and provides a reference framework for similar initiatives for other language families.
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