ArticleHuman reproduction open2025
A new human
Article in Human reproduction open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Post-translational modification of proteins in the human testis development pathway.Human reproduction update · 2026Review
- Spatially resolved micromechanical characterisation of human testis tissue reveals distinct signatures across developing, adult and pathological tissue states.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- New approach methodologies (NAMs) for improved developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) assessment with focus on endocrine disruption - a PARC project.Frontiers in toxicology · 2026Review
- Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
study questionCan testicular tissue from trans women (trans tissue) be used to create human testicular organoids? SUMMARY ANSWER: Testosterone-producing and cytotypic human testicular organoids with bicompartmental architecture can be successfully generated from trans tissue. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Testicular organoids are a promising tool for studying testicular function and the effects of toxicants. Immature testicular cells are currently the most efficient at forming organoids that closely recapitulate seminiferous tubule-like architecture and functions. However, the scarcity of immature human testicular tissue limits its use in high-throughput applications. Conversely, trans tissue is abundantly available and characterized by an immature phenotype. STUDY DESIGN SIZE DURATION: Trans tissue-derived organoids (trans organoids) were histologically and androgenically compared to reference organoids derived from immature (prepubertal and pubertal) and adult cisgender testicular tissues. Additionally, long-term testosterone production and gonadotrophic stimulation were assessed in trans organoids. To evaluate their cytotypic and transcriptomic resemblance to reference testicular tissue stages, trans organoids were compared at the gene expression level to prepubertal, pubertal, and adult cisgender tissues, along with their tissue of origin. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS SETTING
methodsTesticular tissue samples from transgender women, as well as from prepubertal, pubertal, and adult cisgender donors, were used to generate testicular organoids and to compare organoid formation efficiency and testosterone production according to tissue origin. These samples also served as references for transcriptomic comparisons with organoids derived from transgender women's testicular tissue at Day 14 of culture. Testicular organoids were generated and cultured using 3D Petri Dish MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Trans organoids form compartmentalized, cytotypic LARGE SCALE DATA: The bulk RNA-seq raw and preprocessed data are stored under restricted access in the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) Institutional Data Repository (VUB/IVTD/1/000001) due to participant privacy concerns. Access to the data will be considered by contacting Prof. Yoni Baert (yoni.baert@vub.be). LIMITATIONS REASONS FOR CAUTION: Hormonal data from trans women donors were not acquired in a convenient manner for this study. Deconvolution data allow only cell proportions to be compared, not absolute numbers. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE
findingsThis study highlights the potential of trans organoids as a novel and ethically sustainable human-based model for male reproductive health research, reproductive toxicology, and endocrine disruption studies. While trans tissue is a valuable replacement for immature tissue, further research should focus on optimizing organoid architecture, evaluating their utility in reprotoxicity testing, and promoting germ cell differentiation. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: This study was conducted with financial support from the VUB Research Council (OZR4004) to S.M.S., the Scientific Research Foundation-Flanders (G026223N) and the Scientific Fund Willy Gepts to Y.B., the Strategic Research Program 89 from the VUB to E.G., and the Mireille Aerens Chair to T.V. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.