ArticlebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2025
Integrating phylodynamics and historical records reveals decades-old introductions of PRRSV into Costa Rica via international swine trade.
Article in bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: In August 1995, necropsies on post-weaning piglets from the CA-CART farm in the province of Cartago, Costa Rica, revealed respiratory lesions, pleuritis, peritonitis, and arthritis. Skin lesions were also observed, progressing to scabs. A subsequent outbreak in 1996 prompted antibiotic administration. Mortality analysis from 1990 to 1995 showed no significant seasonal patterns, but yearly variations were noted. Piglets born in Costa Rica from imported gilts had a higher average mortality rate (10.65%) than the 8.11% mortality rate for piglets born from non-imported gilts and sows or imported sows (p = 0.002). Methods: In March 1996, serum samples were sent for potential PRRS virus (PRRSV) diagnosis, and 10 PRRSV-2 ORF5 sequences collected during a prospective study from 2019-2021 were obtained from various locations in the country. In this article, we seek to investigate the evolutionary and spatio-temporal dynamics of PRRSV-2 in Costa Rica in the context of international swine movements using the phylodynamic framework integrated with the BEAST package. Results and Discussion: The phylodynamic modeling estimated at least two independent PRRSV-2 introductions into the country. The earliest introduction occurred around 1978 (95% highest posterior density interval: 1959.01-1997.54) and led to the viruses circulating in the farm 1CRC with an origin from Japan, possibly via US swine exports. A second cluster, 4CRC, subsequently emerged within Costa Rica from the earlier 1CRC lineage (1990.24; 95% HPD interval = 1976.15-2010.30). Another viral introduction from the US occurred around 1991 (95% highest posterior density interval: 1974.34-2011.35) and established the 3CRC cluster. Though the viral introduction was traced back to the US, the limited genomic surveillance of PRRSV leaves room for considering alternative origins. Conclusion: Our findings provide a high-resolution model of how international swine trade drives the introduction and evolution of a major livestock pathogen, highlighting the critical need for integrating genomic surveillance into biosecurity protocols.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.