ReviewFrontiers in pharmacology2025
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 in cancer immunotherapy: from small-molecule inhibition to PROTAC-mediated degradation.
Review in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Metabolic enzymes and immune receptors as emerging checkpoints in breast cancer: mechanisms, clinical trials, and therapeutic implications.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Advancing Small-Molecule Immunotherapy Through Polymeric Micelle Delivery.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Metabolomics in Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Response: Insights into Neglected Tropical and Non-Neglected Pathogens.Infectious disease reports · 2026Review
- Dynamic phenotype monitoring to prevent genotype-phenotype discrepancies in pharmacogenetic-guided drug therapy.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- The role of gut microbiota in osteoporosis: underlying mechanisms, clinical associations, and emerging biomaterials.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Emerging hallmarks and the rise of complexities and heterogeneity of tumor.Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2025Review
- Current strategies and novel immunotherapeutic approaches for overcoming immune resistance in glioblastoma.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Overcoming resistance to PD-1 and CTLA-4 blockade mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) has emerged as a critical immunometabolic regulator in cancer, orchestrating immunosuppression through its rate-limiting catabolism of tryptophan to kynurenine. This enzymatic activity establishes an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment via two distinct pathways: GCN2-mediated T cell anergy resulting from tryptophan depletion, and AhR-dependent immune tolerance induced by accumulating kynurenine metabolites. The therapeutic landscape of IDO1 inhibition has progressed significantly from early heme-competitive inhibitors like epacadostat to next-generation proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC) technology. While over 20 small-molecule IDO1 inhibitors have entered clinical trials for various cancers, their variable efficacy has underscored the need for improved target engagement strategies and better patient selection biomarkers. PROTACs represent a paradigm shift in IDO1 modulation, offering the unique advantage of complete target degradation rather than mere inhibition. This review systematically evaluates: (1) clinically investigated IDO1 inhibitors and their pharmacological profiles, and (2) the preclinical promise of IDO1-targeting PROTAC degraders. Through critical analysis of their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential, we provide insights into optimizing IDO1-targeted strategies for cancer immunotherapy.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.