ArticlePloS one2025
Analysis of global, regional, and national burden and attributable risk factors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia from 1990 to 2021.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of locally advanced colon cancer complicated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A case report.Oncology letters · 2026Article
- Burden of haematological malignancies among children, adolescents and young adults: Global and high-income region insights from the GBD 2021 study.British journal of haematology · 2026Article
- Clinical evidence and biological mechanisms linking obesity to adverse outcomes in pediatric and adolescent acute lymphoblastic leukemia.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- The gut-bone marrow axis in acute leukemia: an evidence-graded review of microbiota-immune crosstalk and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Leukemia disease burden and quality of care among adolescents and young adults in China compared to global patterns: a comprehensive analysis from 1990 to 2021.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundAcute Leukemia (AL) is a prevalent subtype of leukemia, mainly including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The disease burden of acute leukemia has significantly shifted in recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate global trends in the burden of disease for ALL and AML from 1990 to 2021.
methodsData on ALL and AML, encompassing incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and associated risk factors from 1990 to 2021, were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) were calculated to assess the changes in age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR). The associations between cancers burden and socio-demographic index (SDI) were also analyzed.
resultsCompared with 1990, the global incidence of ALL and AML in 2021 is 5.69% and 82.25% higher, respectively. During the period from 1990 to 2021, ASMR in ALL showed a large decline, while AML remained stable. The ASDR of both showed a downward trend (EAPC = -2.11% and -0.84%). Regions and countries with higher SDI also have higher rates of acute leukemia. The burden of AML is mainly distributed in the elderly population, while the burden of ALL is heavier in children. Smoking, high BMI, and occupational exposure to benzene and formaldehyde are major risk factors for AML and ALL-related deaths.
conclusionAcute leukemia remains one of the major global public health challenges, but there are different trends in different regions and countries. Acute myeloid leukemia has had a higher disease burden in recent years than acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Policy makers should develop targeted public health policies to further reduce the global burden of acute leukemia.
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