ArticleJournal of primary care & community health
The Association Between Patient-Reported Social Risks and the HOUSES Index: A Rural-Urban Comparison.
Article in Journal of primary care & community health. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Declining rural oncologist supply in the United States: a workforce analysis from 2014 to 2025.The oncologist · 2026Article
- Beyond Rurality: Individual Socioeconomic Status and Chronic Disease Prevalence.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/
objectivesLittle is known about the prevalence of patient-reported social risk factors and the use of the HOUSES Index, a simple, reliable method of assessing socioeconomic status (SES) based on publicly available housing data, in a predominantly rural, primary care population.
methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis of adult patients paneled to family medicine clinicians in a US Midwest health system as of December 31, 2022. Patients' listed address determined HOUSES Index as quartile rank (Q1 lowest SES) and rural/urban status. Social risk data including housing, food, transportation, finances, and violence were collected from health record questionnaires. A mixed effect model was used to assess associations between social risk, HOUSES Index, and rurality.
resultsOf the 352 355 patients included, rural patients were more likely than urban patients to report all social risk factors and had lower SES as measured by HOUSES quartiles. In the mixed effects analysis, HOUSES quartile was independently predictive of reporting an at-risk social risk factor (Q1 vs Q4 OR = 2.27, 95% CI = 2.19-2.37), but rurality was not (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.97-1.07) after adjusting for HOUSES.
conclusionsThe increased prevalence of social risk factors among rural residents is largely explained by individual SES measured by HOUSES Index.
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