Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40891652›Full record

ArticleMenopause (New York, N.Y.)2026

Gonadotropin trajectories among postmenopausal women not using hormone therapy.

Sarah M Lima, Yihua Yue, Jennifer W Bea, Kathleen M Hovey, Jean Wactawski-Wende, JoAnn E Manson, Denise J Roe, Janet L Funk, Andrew Odegaard, Shelby G Ziller and 5 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Menopause (New York, N.Y.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Sarah M LimaDepartment of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.ORCID 0000-0002-3758-4666
Yihua YueDepartment of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.
Jennifer W BeaDepartment of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
Kathleen M HoveyDepartment of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.
Jean Wactawski-WendeDepartment of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.
JoAnn E MansonDepartment of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
Denise J RoeDepartment of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, and University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
Janet L FunkDepartment of Health Promotion Sciences, University of Arizona, and University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
Andrew OdegaardDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA.
Shelby G ZillerDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
Matthew AllisonDepartment of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, CA.
Robert WallaceDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA.
Su Yon JungDepartment of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, Translational Sciences Section, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.
Jane A CauleyDepartment of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.
Heather M Ochs BalcomDepartment of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY.

Funding

WOMEN'S HEALTH INITIATIVE - CLINICAL COORDINATING CENTER: TASK AREA B - LONG LIFE STUDY VISIT 2 LIMITED HOME VISIT75N92021D00001 · NHLBI · FRED HUTCHINSON CANCER RESEARCH CENTER · PI ANDERSON, GARNET L. · 2021 to 2025
$52.0M
WOMEN'S HEALTH INITIATIVE (WHI) REGIONAL CENTER (RC): TASK AREA A AND A275N92021D00002 · NHLBI · STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO · PI WACTAWSKI-WENDE, JEAN · 2021 to 2025
$6.9M
WOMEN'S HEALTH INITIATIVE (WHI) REGIONAL CENTER (RC) - TO EXERCISE OPTION PERIOD ONE (1) AND REVISE CONTRACT ARTICLES.75N92021D00004 · NHLBI · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI STEFANICK, MARCIA · 2021 to 2025
$6.5M
WOMEN'S HEALTH INITIATIVE (WHI) REGIONAL CENTER (RC) - TO EXERCISE OPTION PERIOD ONE (1) AND REVISE CONTRACT ARTICLES.75N92021D00003 · NHLBI · OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY · PI JACKSON, REBECCA · 2021 to 2025
$5.0M
WOMEN'S HEALTH INITIATIVE (WHI) REGIONAL CENTER (RC) - TO EXERCISE OPTION PERIOD ONE (1) AND REVISE CONTRACT ARTICLES.75N92021D00005 · NHLBI · WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCES · PI VITOLINS, MARA · 2021 to 2025
$4.2M
Oral Microbiome and Periodontitis: A Prospective Study in Postmenopausal WomenR01DE024523 · NIDCR · STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO · PI WACTAWSKI-WENDE, JEAN · 2014 to 2018
$3.8M
Role of FSH in postmenopausal obesity and breast cancerR01CA258436 · NCI · UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA · PI Jennifer Wright Bea, Heather M Ochs-Balcom · 2022 to 2026
$3.7M
BONE MINERAL DENSITY AS A PREDICTOR OF PERIODONTITISR01DE013505 · NIDCR · STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK AT BUFFALO · PI WACTAWSKI-WENDE, JEAN · 2002 to 2005
$1.9M
NCI NIH HHS R01 CA258436NHLBI NIH HHS 75N92021D00001NHLBI NIH HHS 75N92021D00002NHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201600001CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201600002CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201600003CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201600004CNHLBI NIH HHS HHSN268201600018CNIDCR NIH HHS R01 DE013505NIDCR NIH HHS R01 DE024523WHI NIH HHS 75N92021D00003WHI NIH HHS 75N92021D00004WHI NIH HHS 75N92021D00005
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveWhile evidence suggests that gonadotropins may play an important role in aging-related changes in body composition and health outcomes, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) patterns have not been well characterized in older women. We characterized patterns of FSH and LH change over time after menopause.

methodsIn a sample of 291 postmenopausal women from the Women's Health Initiative OsteoPerio study who were not using hormone therapy, we estimated FSH and LH trajectories over a 20-year period using group-based trajectory modeling. Descriptive statistics identified differences according to hormone trajectory group.

resultsWe estimated 3 FSH trajectories. The low FSH trajectory (36.1% of sample) showed had stable FSH, the moderate FSH trajectory (52.9%) showed FSH increased 30 years after menopause, and the high FSH trajectory (11.0%) showed FSH initially declined then increased 20 years after menopause. The moderate and high FSH trajectory groups were more likely to be never smokers, had lower measures of adiposity, and more severe hot flashes. We estimated 3 LH trajectories. The low LH trajectory (29.6%) showed LH declined over time, the moderate LH trajectory (56.0%) initially declined then increased 30 years after menopause, and the high LH trajectory (14.4%) initially decline then steeply increase 30 years after menopause. The moderate and high LH trajectory groups had lower measures of adiposity at baseline.

conclusionThere is variability in gonadotropin levels during the postmenopausal period in women not using hormone therapy. Research is needed to study whether postmenopausal gonadotropin patterns are associated with aging-related outcomes.

Indexed as

Follicle Stimulating HormoneLuteinizing HormonePostmenopauseAgedAgingFemaleHot FlashesHumansLongitudinal StudiesMiddle AgedFollicle Stimulating HormoneLuteinizing HormoneFollicle-stimulating hormoneGonadotropinsHormonesLuteinizing hormonePostmenopausalTrajectories

Identifiers

PMID40891652
PMCPMC12720887

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.