ArticleArthritis research & therapy2025
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) induces type 1 interferon signalling in systemic sclerosis keratinocytes through the chloride intracellular channel 4 (CLIC4).
Article in Arthritis research & therapy, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Long Noncoding RNA H19 Mediates STAT3-Dependent Activation of Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts in Systemic Sclerosis Skin.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Deep phenotyping of skin tissue remodeling in patients with systemic sclerosis treated with CD19-CAR T cells.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Plant-Derived Agents and Systemic Sclerosis: A Systematic Review of Therapeutic Potential and Molecular Mechanisms.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
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16 authors.
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Abstract
objectivesSystemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease, which is characterized by fibrosis of the skin, progressing to affect the internal organs in the most serve cases. Type 1 interferon (IFN) signalling plays a major role in SSc disease progression. The cytokine TGF-β has been extensively shown to be a major driver of fibrosis but its role in the induction of the type 1 interferon response is poorly understood.
methodsType 1 IFN signalling was activated in keratinocytes using a range of agonists, IFN2α, Poly I:C, Poly dA:dT, LPS and TGF-β. CLIC4 activity was inhibited with the small molecule chloride channel inhibitors NPPB, IAA:94 and siRNA specific to CLIC4. Conditioned media collected from Healthy and SSc dermal fibroblasts was used to stimulate keratinocytes.
resultsTGF-β stimulation induces a type 1 IFN response in keratinocytes, dependent on the chloride intracellular channel 4 (CLIC4). Inhibition of CLIC4 via small molecule inhibitors or siRNA attenuates TGF-β mediated activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1) in keratinocytes. Further analysis revealed SSc dermal fibroblasts induce a type 1 IFN response in keratinocytes in part through a TGFβR1-CLIC4 axis.
conclusionsThis study shows the ability of CLIC4 to enhance TGF-β signalling is essential for aberrant type 1 interferon signalling in SSc skin.
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