ArticleGut2026
Immunosuppressive contribution of tumour-infiltrating B cells in human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and their role in chemoimmunotherapy outcome.
Article in Gut, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Unraveling immunological heterogeneity in recalcitrant AIH-PBC/PSC overlap syndromes: from molecular crosstalk to precision therapeutics.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Review
- Advances in Immunotherapy for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Role of the stromal and immune microenvironment in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2026Review
- Review
- The Evolving Landscape of Immune Regulation and Immunotherapy in Cholangiocarcinoma and Biliary Tract Cancer.Cancers · 2026Review
- Defining the rules of engagement: B cells, antibodies and cancer control.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Review
- EGR1 lactylation induces tumor cell senescence and immunosuppressive microenvironment in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.Translational oncology · 2026Article
- A multidimensional nomogram integrating immune, inflammatory, and coagulation markers for personalized prognosis in bladder cancer.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- [Research progress in liver cancer in 2025].Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology · 2026Review
- Tertiary lymphoid structure topotypes in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: spatial immunity, checkpoint-response associations, and therapeutic reprogramming.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Stratifying cholangiocarcinoma: tumor microenvironment, molecular drivers, and novel immunotherapeutic approaches.Clinical and molecular hepatology · 2026Review
- Initiation of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures for Cancer Immunotherapy.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2026Review
- Research progress in augmentation strategies for PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in bladder cancer: from biological determinants to clinical applications.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
29 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIntrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is a highly aggressive biliary tract cancer with a poor prognosis and a complex tumour microenvironment (TME) that remains poorly understood.
objectiveThis study aimed to investigate the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of B lymphocytes, their interactions with the TME and their prognostic implications.
designB-cell compartments in the tumour, peritumour, and peripheral blood of iCCA patients were analysed using multimodal single-cell technologies. The B-cell interactome with the iCCA TME was explored in silico, and ex vivo assays assessed the impact of interactions with cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumour cells on B-cell biology. B-cell modulation during chemoimmunotherapy in advanced iCCA was also evaluated.
resultsB cells were enriched in adjacent tumour-free tissues and formed mature tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS), correlating with better prognosis. Conversely, tumour-infiltrating B cells were scarce, immature and displayed reduced effector function with increased immunosuppressive features. Coculture with tumour cells or CAFs impaired B-cell differentiation and function, including downregulation of BAFFR in peripheral B cells. IL-6 and TGF-β emerged as major drivers of B-cell dysfunction; dual blockade restored B-cell activation and differentiation. Elevated frequencies of circulating BAFFR
conclusionsiCCA is characterised by a profoundly immunosuppressive TME that impairs B-cell function through soluble factors and cellular interactions. Our findings identify B cells as biomarkers and therapeutic targets, supporting strategies to restore B-cell function and promote mature TLS to enhance immunotherapy responsiveness in iCCA.
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