Brain tumors linked to Chernobyl radiation exposure: a case study and historical perspective. Illustrative cases.

backgroundBrain tumors associated with the 1986 Chernobyl nuclear explosion are rarely reported compared with thyroid malignancies. Studies have drawn a strong correlation between CNS tumor development and ionizing radiation, especially given age and level of exposure. However, extensive latency periods prompt misrepresentation and difficult diagnosis. Herein, the authors report 2 brain tumor cases in a family with proximity to Chernobyl and a simultaneous exposure period. They explore the potential linkage to brain tumor formation and excessive radiation released. OBSERVATIONS: Decades after exposure each patient developed distinct brain tumors, a WHO grade I meningioma and a SMARCB1-deficient sinonasal carcinoma. Following craniotomies for resection and adjuvant therapy, only 1 patient's tumor progressed. Literature revealed radiation exposure analogous for these tumor's etiologies and identified various Chernobyl exposure groups parallel to these patients like cleanup workers, evacuees, and residents of highly contaminated areas and their descendants. LESSONS: Brain tumors linked to Chernobyl radiation exposure may represent a rare but clinically significant long-term complication, manifesting years afterward. Further research into these tumors' mechanisms is essential given the millions exposed. This report provides insights that identifies index cases, emphasizes needs for investigation, and raises caution to mitigate risk. https://thejns.org/doi/10.3171/CASE25272.