SynthesisJAMA network open2025
Participation of Women in Cardiovascular Trials From 2017 to 2023: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in JAMA network open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 20 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Impact of female underrepresentation in trials investigating long-term pharmacologic therapy after acute coronary syndrome: a meta-analysis and meta-regression.European heart journal. Acute cardiovascular care · 2026Pooled it
- Engineered extracellular vesicles for ischemic heart diseases: modification methods, targeted delivery strategies, and multi-modal therapies - A systematic review.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Consideration of sex/gender aspects in cardiovascular clinical trials.Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society · 2025Pooled it
- Redesigning cardiovascular medicine around sex differences.Nature medicine · 2026Review
- A Review of Sex Differences in Patients with Aortic Stenosis: A Focus on Diagnostic and Treatment Differences, a Narrative Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Sex-specific assumptions underlie cardiovascular digital twin technologies: A narrative review.PLOS digital health · 2026Review
- Tailored Text Messaging Intervention to Improve Self-Care in Patients With Heart Failure (Text4HF): Protocol for a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Pregnancy- the ultimate cardiovascular stress test.NPJ cardiovascular health · 2026Review
- The next FRONTIER: Dedicated efforts to increase representative clinical trial enrollment.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2026Article
- Review
- Trends and Predictors of Premature Termination of Cardiovascular Trials: A Systematic Review.JACC. Advances · 2026Article
- Low-Dose Aspirin for Cardiovascular Disease Primary Prevention in Patients With Giant Cell Arteritis.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Cryptogenic stroke in women: impact of insertable cardiac monitoring in the STROKEWISE cohort study.Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology · 2026Article
- Women's cardiovascular health in 2025:Saudi medical journal · 2026Review
- Representation is Prevention: Closing the Sex Gap in Novel Cardiovascular Clinical Trials.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2026Article
- Science policies and practice of including and excluding women from clinical studies: focus on cardiovascular research.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- Identifying Barriers and Motivators to Increase Surgical Clinical Trial Participation for Older Veterans.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2026Article
- Aligning femtech innovation With equity: a strategic framework for real world impact.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Article
- Error in Table.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- X-inactive specific transcript (XIST) can determine sex differences in cardiovascular drug responses: focus on RNA therapeutics.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issuedError in Table.2025
Authors and funding
17 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Importance: Cardiovascular (CV) disease is the leading cause of death globally for both men and women, yet women remain historically underrepresented in CV clinical trials, despite facing a disproportionately high burden of morbidity and mortality in many forms of CV disease. Objective: To determine the representation of women across a broad range of CV trials. Evidence Review: The participation of women in CV trials registered on ClinicalTrials.gov from 2017 to 2023 was systematically determined through the extraction of publicly available information. Data were extracted to identify the country of study, disease type, trial size, clinical intervention, and age of the participants. The proportion of women and the ratio of number of female to male participants (F:M ratio) were calculated for each trial. The women's participation:prevalence ratio (PPR) was estimated for each trial based on the relative prevalence of the disease by sex in the specified region. Findings: A total of 1079 registered CV trials were identified, including 1 396 104 participants, of whom 571 641 (41.0%) were women. The F:M ratio was significantly lower for studies on arrhythmia (median [IQR], 0.5), coronary heart disease (median [IQR], 0.39 [0.33-0.70]), acute coronary syndrome (median [IQR], 0.32 [0.24-0.51]), and heart failure (median [IQR], 0.51 [0.32-0.87]) but higher for obesity (median [IQR], 1.44 [1.08-4.50]) and pulmonary hypertension (median [IQR], 2.86 [1.50-3.97]) trials. The F:M ratio was higher for trials on lifestyle interventions (median [IQR], 1.51 [0.77-3.24]) than for drug trials. PPRs were low for clinical trials on coronary heart disease (median [IQR], 0.66 [0.50-0.86]), acute coronary syndrome (median [IQR], 0.79 [0.51-0.87]), and stroke (median [IQR], 0.74 [0.61-0.95]). Representation of women in CV trials varied by disease state, region, intervention, and sponsor type. Conclusions and Relevance: These findings highlight both progress and persistent challenges in representation of women within CV trials. These gaps not only limit the generalizability of trial outcomes but also perpetuate inequities in evidence-based care for women with CV conditions.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.