ArticleBMC geriatrics2025
Combined lifestyle habits, subjective well-being, and all-cause mortality among older adults in China.
Article in BMC geriatrics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Associations Between Life Satisfaction and Sleep Quality Among Older Adults in China: Mediating Roles of Psychological Resilience and Anxiety and a Moderating Role of Chronic Disease.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The association between subjective well-being and physical-psychological-cognitive multimorbidity: a longitudinal analysis of a nationally representative survey.Scientific reports · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundAlthough studies have demonstrated that both lifestyles and subjective well-being (SWB) are associated with mortality risk, the joint effects of a healthy lifestyle and SWB on the risk of mortality are unclear. This study aimed to explore the combined impact of lifestyles and SWB on total mortality among the older Chinese population.
methodsData were obtained from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey conducted from 2002 to 2018. A total of 13,282 participants aged ≥ 65 years were included. SWB was measured by an eight-item tool covering life satisfaction, optimism, conscientiousness, anxiety, loneliness, personal control, feeling useless, and happiness. A total healthy lifestyle score was calculated by summing across five lifestyle factors (smoking, drinking, exercise, dietary diversity and body mass index), ranging from 0 to 5, and was categorized into the following groups: healthy (4-5 points), intermediate (2-3 points) and unhealthy (0-1 point). Cox proportional regression analyses were carried out adjusting for demographic characteristics and other potential confounders.
resultsIn total, 8549 (64.4%) deaths were reported during the follow-up period. Compared with the higher healthy lifestyle score, the hazard ratios (HRs) for all-cause mortality for the intermediate and unhealthy lifestyle scores were 1.11 (1.04-1.17) and 1.17 (1.09-1.26), respectively, independent of SWB. A similar relationship between SWB and total mortality was observed, independent of lifestyle factors. The participants who had worse SWB experienced a 1.19 (1.14-1.25) higher risk of total mortality in comparison with those who had better SWB after adjusting for lifestyles. Combinations of unhealthy lifestyle scores and poor SWB were associated with an increased risk of total mortality, and the highest risk was found among participants with a healthy lifestyle score of 0-1 and worse SWB (HR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.28-1.55).
conclusionsA stronger risk of total mortality was found when worse SWB and unhealthy lifestyle occurred together, suggesting that a comprehensive approach to healthy lifestyle and SWB might be a potential strategy to improve longevity.
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