ArticleFrontiers in immunology2025
Molecular characterization and prognostic modeling associated with M2-like tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer: revealing the immunosuppressive role of DLG3.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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2 citing papers in PubMed.
- DHX15 as a novel immune-related prognostic biomarker in breast cancer: An integrated bioinformatics analysis withOncology letters · 2026Article
- A cancer neuroscience-related gene model for prognosis prediction and immunotherapy response evaluation in breast cancer.Discover oncology · 2026Article
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13 authors.
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Abstract
Background: M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) promote an immunosuppressive microenvironment and contribute to tumor progression and metastasis. However, their molecular characterization and prognostic value have not been fully explored in the field of breast cancer. Methods: Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to identify modules significantly associated with M2-like TAMs. Consensus clustering analysis identified three molecular subtypes with distinct clinical features, and we explored potential differences in genomic mutations, pathway enrichment, and immune infiltration in patients between subtypes. Machine learning algorithms were used to screen key genes and construct M2-like macrophage-associated prognostic models. Comprehensive transcriptomic analysis and Results: M2-like TAMs infiltration was strongly associated with the prognosis of BC patients, and the associated gene characterization revealed three molecular subtypes, of which C2 has the worst prognosis with high M2 macrophages, immune desert phenotype, and immunotherapeutic resistance; C1 had the best prognosis, rich in stromal and immune cell infiltration, and metabolic pathway activation; and C3 had a high level of TILs and genomic mutations, with a high degree of immunogenicity and immunotherapeutic Potential. Risk scores can effectively predict the prognosis and immunotherapy response of BC patients, in which Discussion: We constructed and comprehensively solved a model of M2-like TAM-related molecular subtypes and prognosis, which helps stratify and customize treatment regimens for BC patients. We also explored the role of
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