ReviewFrontiers in immunology2025
Immunotherapy biomarkers in brain metastases: insights into tumor microenvironment dynamics.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Spatial and Temporal Heterogeneity of Macrophage Efferocytosis in Tumors: Emerging Implications for Immunotherapy Biomarkers and Therapeutic Timing.Cancer medicine · 2026Review
- Patient-derived resources for decoding and targeting brain metastases ecosystems.EMBO molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Multimodal profiling of CAR T cells against glioblastoma using a microengineered 3D tumor-on-a-chip model.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- ZG16B: A key regulator of tumor progression and immune microenvironment modulation in cancer (Review).International journal of molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Unraveling the Enigma of Melanoma Brain Metastasis: New Molecular Insights and Therapeutic Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- MicroRNA-based integrated diagnosis and therapy for GBM: current status and advances.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Regulatory T cells in pregnancy disorders: a multi-dimensional framework for biomarkers and therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Immune-excluded and immune-suppressive tumor microenvironments: mechanisms, spatial biomarkers, and therapeutic rewiring.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- CD24 as an innate immune checkpoint in solid tumors: biology, biomarker stratification, and therapeutic translation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Efficacy and survival outcomes of bevacizumab plus minocycline for glioblastoma.American journal of translational research · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Brain metastases (BM), represent the most common intracranial malignancies in adults and remain a major clinical challenge due to their poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Although immunotherapy has emerged and offers a promising strategy, its efficacy in BM is often compromised by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and limited immune cell infiltration. This review highlights the critical role of cytokines and growth factors as key modulators of immune dynamics in the TME, exploring their utility as predictive and prognostic biomarkers for immune response. We examine selected categories of biomarkers including genomic, proteomic, immunological, circulating, and microenvironmental, specifically through the lens of cytokine and growth factor regulation. Additionally, we highlight how advanced technologies, including next-generation sequencing (NGS), single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), spatial transcriptomics, and liquid biopsies, contribute to the identification and validation of these biomarkers. By addressing current challenges and proposing future directions, this review underscores the translational value of cytokine- and growth factor-related biomarkers in optimizing precision immunotherapy for patient s with BM.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.