Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40881610›Full record

ArticleActa scientific neurology2025

Is It Scientifically Possible To 'Cure" Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) Via Transplice Molecular Genetic Technology?

Kenneth Blum, Alireza Sharafshah, Kai -Uwe-Lewandowski, Albert Pinhasov, Igor Elman, Panayotis K Thanos, David Baron, Catherine A Dennen, Abdalla Bowirrat, Edward J Modestino and 4 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Acta scientific neurology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Kenneth BlumDivision of Addiction Research and Education, Center for Sports, Exercise and Global Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.
Alireza SharafshahCellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilin University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
Kai -Uwe-LewandowskiDivision of Personalized Pain Therapy and Education, Center for Advanced Spine Care of Southern Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
Albert PinhasovDepartment of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
Igor ElmanDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard School of Medicine, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA.
Panayotis K ThanosBehavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA.
David BaronDivision of Addiction Research and Education, Center for Sports, Exercise and Global Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.
Catherine A DennenDepartment of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Abdalla BowirratDepartment of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
Edward J ModestinoBrain and Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA, USA.
Mark S GoldDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
Alexander Pl LewandowskiDepartment of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA., USA.
Chynna FliegelmanDepartment of Psychology, St. Johns University, Queens, NYC., NY., USA.
Rajendra D BadgaiyanDepartment of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences School of Medicine, Midland, TX., USA.

Funding

Dopamine Neurotransmission in Tourette SyndromeR01NS073884 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI BADGAIYAN, RAJENDRA D · 2012 to 2016
$2.2M
NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS073884
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

In 1995, Kenneth Blum coined the term "Reward Deficiency Syndrome'(RDS) to provide the mental health field with an umbrella term expressing a dissatisfaction of everyday experiences due to a dysregulation of dopaminergic dysregulation especially the DRD2 Taq A1 polymorphism presenting with up to a 40% reduction of D2 receptors in brain tissue with two copies. While the concept of RDS as the actual real umbrella of all mental illness unlike the current DSM-V (the brain is not carved out as portrayed by this important psychiatric manual) awaits further intensive research. In fact, Steven Hyman (former director of NIMH) suggests otherwise and has urged for research related to etiological causes instead to help explain the failings of mental health. Certainly, the RDS Consortium agrees with this difficult but needed psychiatric challenge. It is noteworthy that as of 2-5-2025, there are 1615 articles listed PUBMED using the word term "Reward Deficiency" and 270 listed for RDS specifically. However, since the initial finding of the first gene discovered to associate with severe alcoholism being the DRD2A1 allele by Blum and Noble and their associates, at least 700 or more genes have been found to be involved in RDS behaviors. While this seems quite complex in a study submitted for publication elsewhere deep silico GWAS meta-meta-analysis and pharmacogenomics mining has filtered the actual gene network down to 29 as a predictive panel of RDS behaviors. However, only 15 of these genes are linked into a network and five of these genes include DRD2, DRD4, OPRMI, COMT and 5-HTTLR. Understanding the relevance of a shared genetic basis for mental illness the RDS consortium is developing novel technology to scientifically "cure" RDS via gene editing technology (e.g. Transplice molecular genetic technology). Certainly, the jury is not in as yet, but we are encouraged about the future following arduous research from the scientific community requiring "all hands on deck".

Indexed as

Dopamine DysregulationGene EditingGenetic TestingMessenger RNA (mRNA)Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS)Trans -Splicing Molecular Genetic Testing

Identifiers

PMID40881610
PMCPMC12382879

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.