ArticlePloS one2025
Sci-tech analysis and related research on three glass beads unearthed from M686 in the Qin cemetery of Warring States Period in Hejia, Zhouling.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study presents a systematic analysis of three glass beads excavated from Tomb M686 in the Qin Cemetery of Warring States Period (475 BC-207 BC) in Hejia,Zhouling. The aim is to reveal their material characteristics and weathering mechanisms. Using super-depth-of-field 3D video microscopy system (OM), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and micro-Raman spectroscopy (Raman), all three glass beads were identified as the unique lead-barium silicate glass system of ancient China. The primary coloring element in the glass is Cu(II), and the main weathering products include PbCO₃ and BaSO₄. Focusing mainly on the cross-section of Sample 2, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to investigate the microstructural and compositional changes. The results revealed continuous leaching of Pb, Ba, and S elements from the glass substrate during the weathering process, interacting with substances in the burial environment to form stable weathering products PbCO₃ and BaSO₄. Based on the analysis of elements in the buried environment soil, indicated that barium has higher water solubility than lead. The weathering process was also accompanied by the conversion of Cu(Ⅱ) to Cu(Ⅰ), which explains the color alteration associated with glass weathering. This research is the first to integrate multiple microscopic techniques to systematically explore the weathering processes of lead-barium glass from the Warring States period, elucidating both its coloring mechanism and the formation pathways of weathering minerals. The findings provide technical support and a theoretical foundation for the understanding and preservation of related cultural relics.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.