ArticlePloS one2025
Optimal subsidy design for sports tourism under demand uncertainty: A multi-agent strategic interaction framework.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
This study develops a dynamic game model to analyze subsidy mechanisms for sports tourism integrated destination (STID), examining interactions between a core operator (major projects) and multiple supporting operators (ancillary services). It compares three scenarios: no subsidy, investment-based subsidies (core operator only), and visitor-driven subsidies (tied to tourist numbers). Results show investment-based subsidies increase core operator spending but not supporting operators' investments, while boosting tourist numbers and supporting operators' profits. Visitor-driven subsidies benefit all operators, increasing investments, profits and tourist volumes. When subsidy budgets are equal, visitor-driven subsidies yield better outcomes across all metrics if demand fluctuations remain stable. Demand shocks amplify both subsidy types' effectiveness. Findings suggest visitor-driven subsidies better coordinate tourism ecosystems, with demand volatility enhancing subsidy impacts, while core and supporting operators require differentiated policy approaches due to asymmetric responses.
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