ReviewGut pathogens2025
Extracellular vesicles in intestinal protozoa: hidden mediators of host-parasite communication.
Review in Gut pathogens, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- The genome sequence of the gastric gland parasite,iScience · 2026Article
- Taenia solium extracellular vesicles decrease reactive oxygen species production in human neutrophils by inhibiting myeloperoxidase activity.Bioscience reports · 2026Article
- Interactions between bacterial microbiota and protozoan parasites: an intimate relationship.Archives of microbiology · 2026Review
- Reprogramming the Inflammatory Response to Promote Neural Stem Cell Function After Spinal Cord Injury.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Intestinal protozoan parasites, including, Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Blastocystis sp. pose significant global health challenges, particularly in developing regions with limited access to sanitation and healthcare resources. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as critical factors for communication in the complex interplay between intestinal protozoan parasites and their hosts. This review explores the diverse roles of parasite-derived EVs, with a focus on their biogenesis, molecular cargo, and host interactions. Studies show that G. duodenalis EVs disrupt tight junctions in intestinal epithelia and promote Th1 immune responses. Blastocystis sp. EVs modulate cytokine production, increasing IL-6 and TNF-α while reducing IL-10 and IL-4. E. histolytica EVs inhibit immune cell recruitment by downregulating STAT6 signaling and suppressing IL-4 and IL-13. Additionally, Cryptosporidium-infected epithelial cells release EVs enriched in GP60 and CpRom1 proteins that stimulate host immune responses via the TLR4/IKK pathway. Beyond pathogenesis, the specific and stable cargo of parasitic EVs supports their utility as biomarkers and therapeutic agents. Ongoing research into their roles in microbiome modulation and immune regulation may inform future diagnostics and treatments for parasitic infections.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.