SynthesisBritish journal of clinical pharmacology2025
Acute kidney injury and morbi-mortality associated with "triple whammy" combination: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Renal Safety of Topical Diclofenac in Adults with Increased Renal Risk: A Systematic Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Pooled it
- Acute kidney injury and morbi-mortality associated with "triple whammy" combination: Systematic review and meta-analysis.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2025Pooled it
- Frequency and Profiles of Drug Combinations Constituting the Triple Whammy in Japan: An Analysis of a Patient Estimation Database.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- [Polypharmacy and nephrotoxicity].Innere Medizin (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
aims"Triple whammy" (TW) refers to the concomitant use of diuretics, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASI) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The aim of this article is to analyse the association between TW exposure and acute kidney injury (AKI), among other morbi-mortality outcomes.
methodsWe included studies published up to August 2023 in the Cochrane Library, Medline or EMBASE, among others. The risk of AKI within 12 months after TW vs. not exposed to TW was the main outcome.
resultsWe included five case-control studies, involving 410 130 participants. The risk of AKI was significantly higher among those exposed to TW vs. not exposed (odds ratio [OR] 2.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30-3.10; four studies; I
conclusionThe available evidence reveals that TW may lead to a significantly higher risk of AKI and related hospitalizations, with no detrimental effect on mortality.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.