SynthesisJMIR public health and surveillance2025
Risk Factors for Typhoid Fever: Systematic Review.
Synthesis in JMIR public health and surveillance, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Predictors and risk factors of typhoid fever in urban informal settlements of Nairobi, Kenya.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Molecular detection of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence-associated protein expression profiling in multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar typhi clinical isolates.Molecular biology reports · 2026Article
- Machine learning-driven decision support for antibiotic optimization in typhoid fever based on patient profiles.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2026Article
- Biofilm formation and associated biomechanical traits co-segregate with multidrug resistance in typhoidal Salmonella.The Journal of antibiotics · 2026Article
- Geographic and Behavioral Determinants of Typhoid and Antimicrobial Resistance in Children Across Urban, Rural, and Nomadic Populations of Punjab, Pakistan.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Optimal control of Typhoid fever transmission under environmental and public health interventions.PloS one · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTyphoid fever, a significant global health problem, demonstrates a multifaceted transmission pattern. Knowledge of the factors driving its transmission is critical for developing effective control strategies and optimizing resource allocation.
objectiveThis review aimed to comprehensively synthesize evidence on risk factors associated with typhoid fever transmission from 1928 to 2024.
methodsWe searched PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Semantic Scholar databases using keywords related to risk, contributors, determinants, and causes of typhoid fever. We followed a registered protocol to support our search and triangulated the results.
resultsOverall, we retrieved 1614 articles, of which 219 were reviewed. Of these, 109 addressed multiple, non-mutually exclusive typhoid fever risk factors. Unsurprisingly, of the total articles reviewed on risk factors, approximately 70.6% (77/109) originated from the Asian continent (51/109, 46.8%) and the African continent (26/109, 23.9%). Half of the articles (55/109, 50.5%) focused on risk factors related to demographic and socioeconomic transmission, while 44% (48/109) of the articles examined foodborne transmission. Additional risk factors included water, sanitation, and hygiene practices: waterborne transmissions (45/109, 41.3%) and sanitation and hygiene practices (34/109, 31.2%), travel-related risk (19/109, 17.4%), antimicrobial use (14/109, 12.8%), climate-related factors (15/109, 13.8%), environment-related factors (9/109, 8.3%), typhoid carriers (11/109, 10.1%), and host-related risk factors (6/109, 5.5%).
conclusionsThis review identifies demographic and socioeconomic factors as key drivers of typhoid transmission, underscoring the need for targeted interventions. Strengthening street food regulation in urban Asia and investing in water infrastructure in rural Africa can significantly mitigate risk. Integrating water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions with typhoid vaccines can reduce immediate exposure while enhancing long-term immunity. Prioritizing these strategies in schools and high-risk communities is essential for sustainable typhoid control. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to assess risk factor causality and vaccine impact, guiding more effective public health interventions.
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