Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40875768›Full record

ArticlePsychotherapy and psychosomatics2026

Mapping Disease Burden of Major Depressive Disorder and Its Risk Factors in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Qinyao Yu, Fanyu Xue, Sofia Laila Wik, Mingjun Gao, Yusuff Adebayo Adebisi, Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno Iii, Claire Chenwen Zhong, Martin C S Wong, Junjie Huang

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In one paragraph

Article in Psychotherapy and psychosomatics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
6citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

6 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Prevalence of depression and association with quality-of-life among oncology patients at Princess Marina Hospital, Botswana: A cross-sectional study.The South African journal of psychiatry : SAJP : the journal of the Society of Psychiatrists of South Africa · 2026
    Article
  5. Review
  6. Endometriosis: From Genes to Global Burden.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Qinyao YuDepartment of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Fanyu XueFaculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Sofia Laila WikKarolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
Mingjun GaoAdam Smith Business School, College of Social Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
Yusuff Adebayo AdebisiNuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno IiiDepartment of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Claire Chenwen ZhongThe Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, chenwenzhong@cuhk.edu.hk.
Martin C S Wong
Junjie HuangThe Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, junjie_huang@link.cuhk.edu.hk.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

<p>Introduction: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is currently the second leading cause of life expectancy due to disability globally. This study aimed to examine the disease burden, risk factors, and temporal trends of MDD in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 1990 to 2021.

methodsDisability-adjusted life years (DALYs) data for 135 LMICs were obtained from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database. To assess trends in the burden of MDD over the past 3 decades, segmented regression analysis was applied to calculate the estimated annual percentage change. Spearman correlation analysis was conducted to examine the association between gross national income (GNI) and gender disparities in age-standardized DALY rates (ASDR) for MDD. We also explored how key risk factors - intimate partner violence, bullying victimization, and childhood sexual abuse - contributed to observed disparities.

resultsIn 2021, LMICs accounted for 80.19% of the global burden of MDD. Age and gender disparities were significant, with DALY rates increasing markedly from adolescence and peaking around age 75. Gender disparities showed a higher burden among females, particularly in countries with higher GNI per capita. Analysis of risk factors revealed that intimate partner violence, bullying victimization, and childhood sexual assault were major contributors to the MDD burden, with notable variations across income levels and age groups. Temporal trends showed a marked increase in MDD burden across all income groups after 2019.

conclusionMDD continues to impose a significant health burden in LMICs, disproportionately affecting females, youth, and elderly populations. The significant increase in MDD burden across all income groups after 2019 likely reflects the intensifying effects of global disruptions, with the COVID-19 pandemic being a key contributing factor. Populations with the highest burden also showed greater exposure to key risk factors. </p>.

Indexed as

Cost of IllnessDeveloping CountriesDisability-Adjusted Life YearsGlobal Burden of DiseaseMajor Depressive DisorderAdolescentAdultAgedFemaleGlobal HealthHumansIntimate Partner ViolenceMaleMiddle AgedRisk FactorsYoung AdultDisease burdenLow- and middle-income countriesMajor depressive disorderRisk factorsTemporal trends

Identifiers

PMID40875768
PMCPMC12503812

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.